Session 2: LPT cutie

• These notes cover key concepts in linguistics including phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, language acquisition, and various language teaching approaches

Introduction to Linguistics

• Verb type should be considered when identifying the basic English sentence patterns.
• Consonants are differentiated from vowels by obstacles in sound production.
• 44 phonemes exist in the English language, which include 24 consonant sounds and 20 vowel sounds
• /s/, /z/, and /əz/ are sounds that should be included in lessons about pronunciation of plural nouns.
• /c/ represents the "ch" sound, /š/ represents the "sh" sound, and /ź/ represents the "zh" sound.
• /ɛ/ represents the sound in "bet," and /e/ represents the sound in "bait."
• Allophones are phonetic variations of the same phoneme.
• For example, /t/ in "top" is aspirated, /t/ in "stop" is released, and /t/ in "pot" is unreleased.
• A voiceless stop is aspirated if it begins a syllable of a stressed vowel like in "table", "attack", "can", "paper", "space", or "accordion.”
• Auxiliary verbs accompany the main verb while linking verbs can stand alone.
• Vowels with an "r" sound like in her and stir are called "rhotic vowels."
• Stability of Articulation (vowels)

Vowel Articulation

• Monophthong: A single vowel sound with fixed articulation like in "bill", "bell", "pin", "keeper", and "epic".
• Diphthong: Two-vowel sound like in "coin", "loud", and "side".
• Triphthong: Three vowel sounds that glide together like in "hour", "fire", "player", and "mower".

Branches of Linguistics

• Micro-linguistics (Theoretical) studies the nature of language.
• Phonology studies the system of sounds and their abstract properties.
• Phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds and speech sounds.
• Morphology studies how words are formed.
• Syntax focuses on the arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences.
• Semantics studies the linguistic meaning of words and sentences ("conceptual meaning").
• Pragmatics studies the meaning and use of language ("contextual meaning").
• Macro-linguistics studies language at a broader perspective and how it relates to society.
• Sociolinguistics focuses on language patterns and variations within a society or community and the effects of cultural factors.
• Psycholinguistics studies the processes related to word cognition and language acquisition.
• Computational linguistics applies computer science to the analysis of language and speech.
• Historical linguistics (diachronic) studies language change over time.
• Comparative linguistics compares languages to find similarities and differences.
• Structural linguistics bases on theories that language is composed of structural units such as lexical and syntactic elements.
• Biolinguistics aims to explain the evolution and formation of language.
• Applied linguistics involves the application of language studies in real life, like in language teaching and learning.
• Clinical linguistics is for speech language pathology.
• Developmental linguistics studies the development of linguistic ability, especially in children.
• Linguistic typology classifies languages according to their structural and functional components.
• Neurolinguistics studies the relationship between language and brain functions.
• Etymology investigates the origins of words, their birth, and development.

Morphemes (Classifications)

• Free Morphemes can stand on their own.
• Examples include "future," "adventure," "write," and "create."
• Lexical Free Morphemes (content words) contain meaning of the messages.
• These encompass nouns, verbs, and modifiers.
• Functional Free Morphemes are words in the sentence that modify meaning.
• Including determiners, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections, auxiliary words.
• Bound Morphemes cannot stand on their own.
• Examples include "-ism," "-ous," "re-," and "-tion."
• Inflectional Bound Morphemes are: s, es, ed, en, ing, er, 's, est
• Derivational Bound Morphemes are: ly, un, ness, ful, etc.

Root vs Stem vs Base

• Root is the part of the word that's not further breakable.
• For example: love
• Stem is concerned with inflectional morphology.
• For example: lovers
• Base is any form to which affixes can be attached
• For example: love, lover
• Lexemes are units of lexical meaning which are related with inflections.
• For example: write, writes, writing, written (same lexemes)
• write, unwritten (different lexemes)

Word Formation (Etymology)

• Compounding joins two separate words to produce a single form.
• Bookcase, doorknob and wallpaper are examples.
• Blending combines two separate forms to produce a single new term.
• For example: gasohol (gasoline made from alcohol), smog, motel, telecast, bit , urinalysis
• Clipping reduces a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form
• Examples: fax (facsimile), ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab (cabriolet), condo, pub, flu, fan, perm, phone, plane, math, chem
• Acronyms are formed from initial letters of a set of other words
• Examples: CD, VCR, laser, scuba, zip
• Backformation reduces a word of one type (usually a noun) to form a word of another type (usually a verb)
• For example: donation --> donate, babysitter--> babysit, television--> televise
• Conversion is a change in function of a word, using a noun as a verb without reduction.
• For example: Butter (n.) > Butter (v.) the bread.
• Derivation involves adding affixes to a word.
• Prefixes and suffixes are added.
  • For example: fatherhood, mislead
• Infixes are inserted within a word.
  • For example: Singabloodypore!

Other Linguistic Terms

• Eponym: A word that comes from the proper name of a person or place.
• Boycott (Captain Charles Boycott), Fahrenheit (Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit) are examples.
• Coinage: Invention of totally new terms.
• Aspirin, nylon and zipper are examples.
• Borrowing: Taking over words from other languages such as croissant (French) and dope (Dutch).
• Calquing is a loan translation; the borrowed word is translated from the original to another language.
• Blue blood - sangre azul (Spanish) is an example.
• Nonce: Created for a single occasion.
• Jabberwock; Nonsensical are examples.

Language Teaching Approaches:

• Audio-Lingual Method (ALM):
• It is heavily oriented towards aural and oral exercises based on behaviorism and structuralism.
• It utilizes mim-mem and drills.
• Grammar Translation Method (GTM):
• Emphasizes grammar and translation focusing on MOTHER TONGUE instead of speaking and exposes of literature
• Direct Method (DM) / Natural Method:
• It avoids the usage of own language and offers inductive drills in listening, speaking, and imitation without memorization.
• Students speak naturally relying on demonstration rather than explanation .
• Suggestopedia: "learning achieves its maximum success when the mind is relaxed." and Students should feel safe (as if in the womb). Community (or Collaborative) Language Learning (CLL): Uses 2 methods:

1. Desuggestion removes the affective filter
2. Suggestion adds facilitating memory through music.

• Teachers act as counselors and paraphrasers emphasizing group dynamics.
• Students can ask in their first language (L1) but answer in the second language (L2). Negative Effect: Ringelmann Effect
• Silent Way involves the use of color rods to develop self-awareness and discovery using physical objects and discovery learning.
• Total Physical Response (TPR):
• Encourages children to listen a lot and respond physically.
• instructor = director & students= actors Natural Approach utilizes a "Silent period" where students listen only until they are ready to speak.
• Situational Language Teaching (SLT) uses materials to teach English vocabulary and sentence patterns and encourages accurate pronunciation.
• Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT): a lesson/unit helps learners complete a task like writing a letter or planning a trip.

Morphophonemic Processes

• Metathesis: involves rearranging sounds in a word.
• Example: tragedy -> tradegy.
• Epenthesis- inserting of a vowel.
• Example: strike -> suturaiku
• Deletion involves the deletion of unaccented vowels.
• Example: believe/b'liv/.
• Assimilation- phonemes change to become more similar to surrounding sounds.
• Example: handbag/haem-bag/.
• Dissimilation- change to become less similar to surrounding sounds.
• Example: fifth/fift/.

Language Views

• Structuralists emphasizes the importance of structure in language and focuses on the students' mastery of the codes and systems of language.
• Transformationalists views language as generative and creative and believes humans inventiveness allows creation of new combinations of words.
• Chomsky (1980) defines human language as a system for free expression of thought, independent of stimulus control.
• Functionalists: Structures function like communication
• Interactionists: Language happens because we want to communicate

Terminologies

• Nature of Language says what is learned is often related what the culture shares
• Jakobson's language is referential, emotive, connective, phatic, metalingual and poetic
• Halliday's Metafunctions of Language are Ideational, interpersonal and textual
• Halliday's Micro-functions of language help express self (Personal/heuristic) while connecting with Imaginative/representational things.
• Monitor Model Theory [Stephen Krashen]

Linguistics Theories

• Acquisition-learning hypothesis states acquisition > learning
• Natural Order Hypothesis- Language happens in a predictable order
• Monitor Hypothesis- Monitor language input; make sure to self check

Linguistics

• Input Hypothesis means students get exposed to ability (+1) abilities beyond current ones
• Affective Filter Hypothesis means those with self confidence do better
• Strategic language means learners solve ability

Linguistic concepts and Devices

• CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE [Paul Grice]: Have a desired level to talk
• Quantity is how informative/ truthful
• Manner should be clear
• Linguistic device is the modality is: analytic, contradictory, synthetic
• Linguistic device is the hedge is the uncertainty
• Syntax is the deixis/ pointing language
• Periodic sentence- dependent clauses and ends with the main independent clause. Ex: After popping several balloons, the parents revealed the baby's gender.
• Suprasegmental phonology- prosodic features, involves stress, timing, and intonation.