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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

  • To supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium (correct)
  • To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
  • To remove waste products from the myocardium
  • To connect the atria to the ventricles
  • Which layer of the heart is the thickest?

  • Myocardium (correct)
  • Pericardium
  • Endocardium
  • Epicardium
  • Which structure serves as the natural pacemaker of the heart?

  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node (correct)
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje fibers
  • What does the T wave in an electrocardiogram represent?

    <p>Relaxation of the ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of valves found in the heart?

    <p>Semilunar and atrioventricular valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pericardium?

    <p>To enclose and protect the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the right and left atria of the heart?

    <p>Interatrial septum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the Purkinje fibers located?

    <p>Within the walls of the ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>To transport oxygen to the tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel is responsible for returning oxygen-poor blood to the heart?

    <p>Veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is measured by blood pressure?

    <p>The pressure exerted against artery walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during systolic pressure?

    <p>The ventricles contract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte is the most common in the body?

    <p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of plasma is responsible for blood clotting?

    <p>Fibrinogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel divides into the internal and external carotid arteries?

    <p>Common carotid artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the presence of insufficient iron for hemoglobin production?

    <p>Iron-deficiency anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes unstable angina?

    <p>Occurs during both exertion and rest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure used to visualize blood vessels using a contrast medium?

    <p>Angiography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Blockage of one or more coronary arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is specifically defined as an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart?

    <p>Endocarditis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is used primarily to lower blood pressure?

    <p>Antihypertensive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions involves abnormal hemoglobin leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cardiomegaly refer to?

    <p>Abnormal enlargement of the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a defibrillator?

    <p>To restore normal heart rhythm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an established factor causing a heart murmur?

    <p>Defective heart valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CABG stand for in cardiovascular-related surgery?

    <p>Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes bradycardia?

    <p>Abnormally slow resting heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with reduced hemoglobin and a lower than normal number of red blood cells?

    <p>Thalassemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart?

    <p>Asystole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vasculitis characterized by?

    <p>Inflammation of blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a hemangioma?

    <p>A benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of arteriosclerosis?

    <p>Hardening of the arteries due to thickening and loss of elasticity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves the inflammation of a vein?

    <p>Phlebitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during an embolism?

    <p>Sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do eosinophils primarily serve in the immune system?

    <p>Destruction of parasitic organisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukopenia is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Decrease in the number of white blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with an abnormally small number of platelets?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medical specialist would you consult for issues related to blood disorders?

    <p>Hematologist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a hemorrhage?

    <p>Loss of a large amount of blood in a short time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes angina pectoris?

    <p>Insufficient blood flow to the myocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does thrombophlebitis represent?

    <p>Blood clot formation with inflammation of a vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thrombocytes in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Clotting blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Coronary artery disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes ischemia?

    <p>Insufficient oxygen supply in tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils are primarily associated with which of the following symptoms?

    <p>Allergic responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type plays a major role in identifying foreign substances?

    <p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cardiovascular System Components

    The heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood, working together to circulate blood throughout the body.

    Heart Chambers

    The heart has four chambers: two atria (receiving chambers) and two ventricles (pumping chambers).

    Heart Valves

    Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral/bicuspid, and aortic semilunar valves control blood flow direction and prevent backflow in the heart.

    Heart Conduction System

    A system of electrical signals that coordinate heart muscle contractions.

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    SA Node

    The sinoatrial node (SA node) is the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat.

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    ECG (Electrocardiogram)

    A recording of the electrical activity of the heart, displaying the heartbeat's electrical waves.

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    Coronary Arteries

    Blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium).

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    Arteries (Blood Vessels)

    Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.

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    Aorta

    The largest blood vessel, the main artery transporting blood.

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    Carotid Arteries

    Major arteries providing blood to the head.

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    Capillaries

    The smallest blood vessels, one cell thick, connecting arterioles to venules.

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    Venules

    The smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries to form larger veins.

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    Blood Pressure (Systolic)

    Pressure exerted on artery walls when the heart contracts.

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    Blood Pressure (Diastolic)

    Pressure exerted on artery walls when the heart relaxes.

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    Erythrocytes

    Red blood cells that carry oxygen.

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    Leukocytes

    White blood cells that fight infection.

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    Phagocytosis WBC Function

    WBCs engulf and destroy pathogens.

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    Basophils

    Least common WBC, cause allergic symptoms.

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    Eosinophils

    Destroy parasites, involved in allergies.

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    Lymphocytes

    Identify and fight germs, produce antibodies.

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    Monocytes

    Form in marrow, lymph, spleen, phagocytic.

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    Thrombocytes (Platelets)

    Smallest blood cells, clot blood.

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    Congenital Heart Defects

    Structural heart problems at birth.

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    Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    Narrowing of coronary arteries, poor blood supply.

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    Stable angina

    Chest pain that occurs during exertion (physical activity).

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    Unstable angina

    Chest pain that occurs during exertion or rest, and is a serious warning sign.

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    Myocardial infarction

    A heart attack; a blockage of coronary arteries, causing oxygen deprivation to the heart muscle.

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    Heart failure

    Inability of the heart to pump all received blood efficiently.

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    Heart murmur

    Abnormal sound heard in the heart or blood vessels.

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    Arrhythmia

    Irregular heartbeat rhythm.

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    Cardiac arrest

    Heart abruptly stops beating.

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    Vasculitis

    Inflammation of blood vessels.

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    Hemangioma

    A benign tumor made of newly formed blood vessels

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    Aneurysm

    A weakened or ballooned artery wall

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    Arteriosclerosis

    Hardening of the arteries

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    Thrombus

    A blood clot attached to a vessel wall

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    Embolism

    Blocking of a blood vessel by a foreign object

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    Leukopenia

    Low white blood cell count

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    Polycythemia

    High red blood cell count

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    Thrombocytopenia

    Low platelet count

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    Iron-deficiency anemia

    A condition where the body lacks enough iron to create hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells.

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    Sickle cell anemia

    A genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to misshapen red blood cells that interfere with blood flow.

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    Thalassemia

    An inherited blood disorder resulting in reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.

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    Hypertension (HTN)

    High blood pressure, where blood pressure in arteries is elevated to a potentially harmful level.

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    Angiography

    A radiographic study of blood vessels after injecting a contrast medium to visualize the vessels.

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    Electrocardiography (ECG)

    A non-invasive process to record the electrical activity of the heart muscle.

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    Balloon angioplasty

    A procedure using a balloon to widen blocked arteries, then a stent is usually placed to keep the artery open.

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    Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

    A surgery that repairs blocked coronary arteries by using a transplanted blood vessel to improve blood flow to the heart.

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