Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does regression to the mean imply about extreme outcomes over time?
What does regression to the mean imply about extreme outcomes over time?
- They are influenced only by external variables.
- They become more extreme due to consistent factors.
- They get less extreme as random combinations of factors diminish. (correct)
- They remain constant and do not change.
Which situation is a clear example of attrition threat?
Which situation is a clear example of attrition threat?
- Changes in results because of repeated testing.
- Participants improving due to expectation.
- Individuals consistently leaving the study over time. (correct)
- Variations in measures used in the study.
How can testing and instrument threats affect internal validity?
How can testing and instrument threats affect internal validity?
- They enhance the effectiveness of placebo treatments.
- They are caused by external events unrelated to the study.
- They lead to a placebo effect in participants.
- They can cause participant behavior to change due to prior testing. (correct)
What is observer bias primarily concerned with in the context of a study?
What is observer bias primarily concerned with in the context of a study?
Demand characteristics are best described as:
Demand characteristics are best described as:
Which aspect enhances external validity in studies?
Which aspect enhances external validity in studies?
In research, what is the primary concern of construct validity?
In research, what is the primary concern of construct validity?
What does statistical validity primarily evaluate in a study?
What does statistical validity primarily evaluate in a study?
What is a key characteristic of a quasi-experiment?
What is a key characteristic of a quasi-experiment?
In the context of quasi-experiments, what is meant by 'selection effects'?
In the context of quasi-experiments, what is meant by 'selection effects'?
What does 'maturation threat' imply in a quasi-experimental design?
What does 'maturation threat' imply in a quasi-experimental design?
Which of the following is an example of a nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series design?
Which of the following is an example of a nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series design?
Why are researchers limited in their ability to draw causal conclusions in quasi-experiments?
Why are researchers limited in their ability to draw causal conclusions in quasi-experiments?
What risk is associated with external historical events during a study?
What risk is associated with external historical events during a study?
In the context of the cosmetic surgery study, what does the term 'nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design' refer to?
In the context of the cosmetic surgery study, what does the term 'nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design' refer to?
What phenomenon explains why many participants accept default options in organ donation?
What phenomenon explains why many participants accept default options in organ donation?
What is a primary concern when conducting quasi-experimental research?
What is a primary concern when conducting quasi-experimental research?
Flashcards
Regression to the mean
Regression to the mean
When an extreme outcome is caused by a combination of random factors that are unlikely to happen again, resulting in less extreme results over time.
Attrition threat
Attrition threat
Participants dropping out of a study over time, posing a threat to internal validity if the dropouts are systematic (e.g., only those who experience improvement leave).
Testing threat
Testing threat
A type of order effect where participants change as a result of being tested before. The repeated testing itself can influence the outcome.
Instrument threat
Instrument threat
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Observer bias
Observer bias
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Demand characteristics
Demand characteristics
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Placebo effect
Placebo effect
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Quasi-experiment
Quasi-experiment
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Nonequivalent Control Group Interrupted Time-Series Design
Nonequivalent Control Group Interrupted Time-Series Design
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Default Option
Default Option
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Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest/Posttest Design
Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest/Posttest Design
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Internal Validity
Internal Validity
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Selection Effect
Selection Effect
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Design Confounds
Design Confounds
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History Threat
History Threat
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Interrupted Time-Series Design
Interrupted Time-Series Design
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Study Notes
Quasi Experiments
- Quasi experiments are similar to experiments but researchers lack full control
- They may not be able to randomly assign participants to conditions
- Researchers may rely on pre-existing groups or naturally occurring events
Examples of Quasi-Experiments
- Organ Donation:
- Opt-in (people choose to donate) vs. opt-out (people must actively decline) methods
- Default options often influence decisions
- Cosmetic Surgery:
- Researchers studied self-esteem after surgery
- Used a nonequivalent control group (participants not randomly assigned) to assess effectiveness
- Shows and Suicide:
- Researchers evaluated suicide rates before and after a popular show (time-series design)
- Assessed impact of show content on suicide incidents
Internal Validity
- The ability to draw causal conclusions from results
- Researchers have limited control of independent variables in quasi-experiments
Threats to Internal Validity in Quasi-Experiments
- Selection Effects: Participants in different groups may differ systematically before the study begins
- Design Confounds: An uncontrolled variable influences the independent variable
- Maturation: Participants change over time, independent from the treatment
- History: External events influence the outcome
- Regression to the Mean: Extreme scores tend to become less extreme over time
- Attrition: Participants dropping out of a study
- Testing: Participants may improve over repeated testing regardless of treatment
- Instrumentation: Changes in measurement instruments may influence results
- Observer Bias: Researchers' expectations might influence observations
- Demand Characteristics: Participants adapt their behaviors based on study goals
Other Important Considerations
- Placibo Effect: Participants improve due to belief in treatment effectiveness
- External Validity: The ability to generalize findings to other situations and populations
- Ethics: Researchers must consider ethical implications of quasi-experimental studies
- Construct Validity: How well the study measures the intended variables
- Statistical Validity: The importance of effect size in quasi-experiments
- Quasi-independent Variables: These are measured rather than manipulated (e.g., age, gender)
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