Quasi-Experimental Designs II: Meta-Analysis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a meta-analysis?

  • To perform a new experimental study on a topic
  • To focus solely on qualitative research methods
  • To gather individual testimonials on a specific issue
  • To survey existing literature and evaluate combined effects (correct)

    • Which of the following methods is considered an outdated approach to analyzing study results in meta-analysis?

  • Calculation of effect sizes
  • Empirical method of comparison
  • Creation of common metrics for studies
  • Box-score method (correct)

    • What factor does the empirical method of comparison in meta-analysis emphasize?

  • Simplistic averages of study outcomes
  • Time efficiency in data collection
  • Calculation of effect sizes for each study (correct)
  • Weekly results from the studies

    • Which of the following statements is NOT true about meta-analysis?

    <p>It is a simplistic and straightforward method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a systematic/scoping review in relation to meta-analysis?

    <p>A complementary approach to review literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of longitudinal designs?

    <p>High comparability across time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consideration when selecting a research design?

    <p>The specific goals of the research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with cross-sectional designs?

    <p>No information about participant development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation mentioned regarding quasi designs?

    <p>They often lack a control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sequential designs?

    <p>They combine both longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is common in both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?

    <p>Challenges with causation conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design is suggested to be used with caution due to interpretation issues?

    <p>Quasi designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers be mindful of when interpreting results?

    <p>The presence of confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a retrospective interview primarily focus on?

    <p>Lifestyle and past events of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of longitudinal designs?

    <p>They are inexpensive to conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized as a practice researchers should adopt when reading findings?

    <p>Critically evaluate the findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might cross-sectional designs lead to problematic conclusions?

    <p>They assess individuals at different ages, leading to cohort effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study design is recommended to be selected after the study is designed?

    <p>Appropriate study design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes quasi designs?

    <p>They are often used but have significant limitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the retrospective design allow for in data gathering?

    <p>Flexibility to assess both qualitative and quantitative questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research designs, what is an essential criterion to keep in mind?

    <p>The control of the experimental variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the setting in which retrospective designs are typically conducted?

    <p>A one-to-one setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of data does a retrospective design involve?

    <p>Quantitative grids and qualitative aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it critical to complete and test the interview guide in a retrospective design?

    <p>To guide discussions to important topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can qualitative information be obtained in retrospective designs?

    <p>Through specific follow-up questions or probing topics of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the interviewer in a retrospective design?

    <p>To guide the discussion and document responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible disadvantage of relying on retrospective designs for data collection?

    <p>They can be biased due to memory recall issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In retrospective designs, which variable interest does the researcher focus on?

    <p>Any variable of interest to the researcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of retrospective designs?

    <p>Quantitative assessments only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Quasi-Experimental Designs II

    • Popular designs include meta-analysis, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and sequential designs.

    Meta-Analysis

    • Not an experiment, but a literature review.

    • Aims to discover if stereotype threats exist in older populations.

    • Numerous studies have assessed the impact of stereotype threats on adults.

    • A method to survey literature, obtaining information about a combined effect of interest.

    • Assumes 20 papers examining the topic, using various designs, measures, and samples.

    • Aims to determine if stereotype threats have a significant impact.

    • The Box-Score method involves examining published studies, identifying those with positive and negative effects, and choosing the side with the most "wins."

    • Potential issues with this approach need consideration.

    • Often an empirical method of comparison that creates a common metric for each study.

    • Calculates effect sizes for each study and assigns appropriate weights to the individual studies.

    • Considers every design factor and draws more conclusive findings about the effect.

    • Meta-analysis
    • Longitudinal
    • Cross-sectional
    • Sequential

    Longitudinal Design

    • Follows individuals over time.
    • Multiple time points (data collection points).
    • Allows for the identification of trends and causality.
    • Advantages: Cause-and-effect conclusions; high comparability across time (removing person effects); detailed design/findings.
    • Disadvantages: Highly expensive; time-consuming; high attrition rates.

    Cross-Sectional Design

    • A snapshot of a phenomenon in time.
    • Analyzes individuals of varying ages at a single point.
    • Cannot establish cause-and-effect conclusions.
    • Advantages: Inexpensive; quick data collection; low attrition rates.
    • Disadvantages: Limits comparisons between groups; no information regarding participant development; unequal developmental levels; cross-generational conclusions are questionable (cohort effects).

    Sequential Designs

    • Combines longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches into one study.
    • Assesses individuals at different ages over time (20, 25, 30,...).
    • Doesn't fully eliminate problems inherent in each design.

    Retrospective Interview Procedure

    • Commonly used in sports contexts.
    • Examines individuals' lifestyles and past events.
    • Can analyze cross-sections of participants.
    • Does not allow for cause-and-effect conclusions but avoids shortcomings of other designs.

    Retrospective Designs

    • A quasi-design where groups are already formed.
    • Uses interview-style questioning, including qualitative and quantitative data collection.
    • Qualitative questions: Example: Why did you participate in sports at the age of 10/20?
    • Quantitative questions:
      • Categorical: Highest education level?
      • Continuous: How many hours per week were spent on a given sport at 10, 15, etc., years old?
    • Retrospective designs are conducted in one-on-one interviews.
    • Detailed interview guides, pre-tested and completed, are crucial for appropriate follow-up questions.

    Demographics & Qualitative Data

    • Any variable of interest to the researcher is recorded.
    • Interviewer completes data recording, or participants fill out forms/questionnaires.
    • Qualitative data allows for flexible follow-up questioning and in-depth exploration of topics of interest.

    Conclusion on Quasi-designs

    • Quasi-designs are frequently utilized.
    • Cautious interpretation is vital.
    • Thorough critical evaluation is necessary when reviewing findings.
    • Researchers should be skeptical, critically evaluating each design individually.

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    Related Documents

    Quasi-Experimental Designs II Lecture PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of quasi-experimental designs, focusing particularly on meta-analysis. This quiz delves into literature reviews, stereotype threats in older populations, and examines the Box-Score method for studying effects. Test your understanding of how these methods are used to evaluate the impact of various studies.

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