Quantitative Research Methods

• These notes cover key concepts in practical research, particularly quantitative research methods

Research Paper Components

• The Rationale/Background of the Study details the justification for conducting research, including problems/issues, importance, gaps, and urgency.
• The Research Objective describes what the research aims to achieve.
• The Conceptual Framework illustrates variables and defines research objectives to map outcomes.

Hypotheses

• A Null Hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship between variables (e.g., Facebooking hours and student performance).
• An Alternative Hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between variables (e.g., well-being of ABM students based on sex and grade level).

Research Questions and Objectives from a Conceptual Framework

• Descriptive research problems can be derived from elements of a conceptual framework.
• Descriptive research objective example: Measuring the level of metacognitive awareness among senior high school students
• Inferential research objective example: Determining the relationship between inquiry-based science education and metacognitive awareness.

Research Paper Elements

• Definition of Terms clarifies how variables are measured and used.
• Significance of the Study refers to the study's contributions and impact on a research field.
• Review of Related Literature involves systematic analysis of documents relevant to the research problem.
• Scope and Limitations defines the study's boundaries.

Sampling Techniques

• Probability sampling techniques include systematic and stratified random sampling.
• Purposive sampling is NOT a probability sampling technique.

Referencing Style

• APA 7th Edition is used to document various materials, including webpages, books, and journals.

Research Designs

• A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational design determines the relationship between variables, such as parental involvement and academic success.
• A qualitative, phenomenological design uncovers experiences, such as those of a single mom in the new normal.
• A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-comparative design determines significant differences between groups, such as digital well-being levels of ABM and STEM students.

Statistical Tools

• A T-Test is used to test for significant differences.
• Pearson Product Moment Correlation is used to test for significant relationships.
• ANOVA compares three or more groups of means in a dataset.

True-Experimental Research

• A true-experimental research investigates the effectiveness of an intervention utilizing both random selection and assignment.

Survey Instruments

• Validity and reliability are significant aspects of selecting a survey instrument, ensuring consistency and accurate representation of the population.

Population and Sample

• A population is the entire group from which conclusions are drawn.
• A sample is the specific group from which data is collected via a survey questionnaire.

Research Criteria

• Inclusion criteria are characteristics that prospective respondents must possess.
• Exclusion criteria are part of the research paper

Sample Size Calculation

• Yamane's formula determines the sample size needed for a given population.

Sampling Techniques

• Total enumeration involves including all members of a population.
• Convenience sampling selects units based on availability or willingness to participate.
• Non-probability sampling shows respondents unequal chance of being selected.

Conceptual model questions answered

• Descriptive research objective example: Assessing the level of spending behavior
• Appropriate statistical tool example: Mean

Data Gathering Procedure Sequence

• The proper sequence includes:
  • Seeking permission from school heads
  • Seeking permission from respondents
  • Administering the questionnaire
  • Retrieving the questionnaire
  • Scoring, encoding, and tallying responses
  • Tabulating the results

Hypothesis Testing

• r=0.915 signifies high positive correlation and p=0.002 means the correlation is statically signficant
• Remarks that need to be noted: The null hypothesis is rejected, while the alternative hypothesis is supported

Magnitude of Relationships

• A perfect relationship means the relationship is absolute, and there is no room for deviation
• A strong correleation means the variables closely correlate and provide some insights

Explore quantitative research methods, including research rationale, objectives, and conceptual frameworks. Understand null and alternative hypotheses with examples. Learn how to derive research questions from conceptual frameworks.