Genetics of Quantitative Traits

<p>Tissue-specific promoters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lethality of the gene therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of immunity against the adenovirus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inefficiency that depends on the targeted tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitigate inappropriate gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of a tumor-suppressor gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massive immune reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in a single gene important for vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in both copies are necessary for the disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most boys developed a functional immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced expression of the LMO2 protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total blindness by age 30-40 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes an immune response that recognizes the vector as a threat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal ganglion cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable the ganglion cells to respond to light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glasses with an onboard computer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The therapy may not provide a lasting solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrating viral delivery with optogenetic components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The female will be sterile. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncontrolled growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They affect the entire segment of the embryo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can convert them to oncogenes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require two mutations for loss of normal function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defects in gene repair mechanisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancers are often found to be clonal descendants of one cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accumulates and becomes toxic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pair-rule genes create two segments at a time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RAS oncogene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Represses the expression of hunchback. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harvesting and reinfusing lymphocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some genes on the inactivated X chromosome may still be expressed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Down syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A portion of a chromosome that is deleted and paired with its homologous chromosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duplication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher rates of miscarriage due to procedural risks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An allele appears dominant when the corresponding recessive allele is deleted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic material is lost from one chromosome and added to another without exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inversions can prevent viable gamete production if they involve breakpoints within genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of the shorter chromosome end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second trimester (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By causing variations in gene copy number. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploinsufficiency due to gene imbalance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent recombination and maintain the homozygous state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It measures the genetic variation in phenotype across the population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High h2 indicates that offspring phenotypes can be predicted from parental phenotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify specific genes responsible for traits in individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It replaces one amino acid with another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can move from one genomic location to another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They introduce variability that complicates predictions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It caused breakage of chromosome 9. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silent mutation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong evidence of association between traits and genetic markers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induced mutations are caused by external agents like chemicals or radiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonsense mutation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insertion or deletion of base pairs causing a shift in the reading frame. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are surrounded by repeat sequences that facilitate their movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genome size does not correspond to the organism's phenotypic complexity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proportion of phenotypic variation in a population or family that is due to genetic variation.

The proportion of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic variation.

Specific regions of a chromosome that influence a quantitative trait.

Inbred lines derived from a cross between two inbred parents, each showing variation in desired trait, creating variation within progeny.

A mutation where one nucleotide base is replaced by another.

A mutation in which one or more nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence.

A mutation where one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence.

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein.

A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of the protein.

A mutation that creates a premature stop codon.

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code.

Having a complete set of chromosomes.

Having an abnormal number of chromosomes.

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

Having one fewer than the normal number of chromosomes.

Having one more than the normal number of chromosomes.

A genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21.

A genetic condition affecting males, characterized by an extra X chromosome (XXY).

A technique used to detect duplications or deletions in a genome.

An ultrasound measurement used in prenatal screening.

A prenatal diagnostic test performed to sample placental tissue

A type of chromosome mutation where a segment of DNA is lost.

A loop-like structure that forms during meiosis in individuals with a chromosome deletion.

A type of chromosome mutation where a segment of DNA is repeated.

A meiotic error that leads to unequal exchange of genetic material.

A type of chromosome mutation where a segment of DNA is reversed.

A type of chromosome mutation where a segment of DNA is moved to a different location.

A type of translocation where material is exchanged between acrocentric chromosomes.

A type of chromosome that has undergone multiple replication.

A chromosome used in genetic experiments to prevent recombination.

A technique that uses light to control genetically modified cells, allowing for targeted manipulation of neural activity.

Neurons in the retina that receive signals from photoreceptor cells and transmit information to the brain.

Artificial implants designed to restore vision in people with retinal degeneration.

By delivering genes that express light-sensitive proteins in retinal ganglion cells, enabling them to respond to light signals.

Glasses equipped with cameras and processors create visuals and transmit them as light patterns to stimulate retinal ganglion cells.

A major risk is the immune reaction to the viral vector, potentially leading to inflammation, sensitization, and even death. The body's immune system might recognize the vector as foreign and mount an uncontrolled response.

The transgene can insert into a functional gene, potentially disrupting its function. This can lead to problems like activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, increasing the risk of cancer.

A genetic disorder causing severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) where the immune system cannot properly develop due to the malfunctioning of the IL2 receptor gamma protein.

A gene therapy approach where cells are removed from the body, genetically modified, and then returned to the patient.

The gene therapy caused a leukemia-like condition in some patients because the transgene inserted into the LMO2 gene, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

An inherited form of blindness caused by mutations in genes crucial for the visual system's function. It leads to severe visual impairment during childhood and usually complete blindness by middle age.

The RPE65 gene is a common target of mutations in LCA. It's necessary for retinal pigment epithelium function vital for vision.

A strategy in genetic research where scientists focus on specific genes suspected to be involved in a particular disease, based on their function or previous studies.

A mutation in the maternal genome of a Drosophila fly that causes the female to be sterile, but does not affect her own survival.

A mutation in the zygote's genome that leads to the death of the Drosophila embryo.

Genes in Drosophila that are responsible for defining large regions of the embryo's body plan, affecting entire segments.

Genes in Drosophila that are expressed in every other segment, establishing the alternating pattern of segments.

Genes in Drosophila that are expressed in bands within each segment, defining the anterior-posterior axis of individual segments.

A maternally provided protein in Drosophila that is concentrated at the anterior end of the embryo and plays a role in defining head structures.

A maternally provided protein in Drosophila that is concentrated at the posterior end of the embryo and helps define tail structures.

A maternally provided protein in Drosophila that is initially uniformly distributed but then becomes concentrated anteriorly due to bicoid protein.

A maternally provided protein in Drosophila that is initially uniformly distributed but then becomes concentrated posteriorly due to nanos protein.

A gene that can be used to visualize the expression of another gene by producing a detectable product.

Genes that control the development of specific body structures along the anterior-posterior axis of Drosophila.

A characteristic of cancer cells where they stimulate their own growth, unlike normal cells.

A property of normal cells where they stop growing when they come into contact with other cells.

A hallmark of cancer cells where mutations occur frequently in their DNA, leading to abnormal growth.

The spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body.

The process of using genes to treat or prevent disease faces many hurdles, including delivering genes efficiently and safely into target cells, ensuring proper gene expression, and managing potential immune responses.

Modified viruses are often used to deliver therapeutic genes into cells. They are efficient at inserting genes into target cells, but potential risks include immune responses and uncontrolled gene integration.

A technique where a brief electrical shock is applied to cells, creating temporary holes in their membranes, allowing therapeutic genes to enter. However, this method can damage cells.

Ensuring that the therapeutic gene is expressed in the correct cells at the right time and level is crucial for successful gene therapy. Issues like improper expression, insufficient levels, or off-target expression can arise.

The immune system can attack the viral vectors or the cells expressing the therapeutic gene, potentially reducing the effectiveness of therapy or causing severe side effects.

Adenoviruses, known for causing common colds, are widely used as vectors for gene delivery. However, they trigger immune responses in most people, limiting their long-term effectiveness in gene therapy applications.

In some cases, gene therapy can lead to serious complications, even death. This emphasizes the importance of careful monitoring and understanding the complex interplay of genes, immune responses, and therapy outcomes.