40 Questions
What is the primary focus of the Structural Evaluation type of audit?
Physical facilities, equipment, and staffing patterns
Which type of evaluation method involves measuring future events against predetermined standards?
Prospective Methods
What is the primary focus of the Outcome Evaluation type of audit?
Results of patient care provided
What is the purpose of on-line medical control in Concurrent Methods of evaluation?
To provide real-time guidance during patient care
What is the purpose of establishing minimal levels of primary training in Prospective Methods?
To set a baseline for EMS personnel training
What is the purpose of field observation of EMS personnel in Concurrent Methods?
To observe EMS personnel in their natural environment
What is the primary purpose of splinting in pain management?
To immobilize and stabilize the affected area
What is the term for a wrong against an individual for which the wrongdoer must pay compensation?
Civil Law
What is the primary focus of the Process Evaluation type of audit?
Use of resources and appropriateness of use
What is the purpose of establishing requirements for Continuing Medical Education (CME) in Prospective Methods?
To promote ongoing learning and professional development
What is the definition of Professionalism in the context of EMT-b?
The conduct or qualities that characterize an expert practitioner
What is the term for sorting patients by seriousness of injury?
Triage
What is the term for the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others?
Leadership
What is the main purpose of audits in retrospective methods?
To identify trends and patterns in patient care
What is the primary goal of communication between healthcare providers and patients?
To facilitate effective diagnosis and treatment
What is the term for rules or standards that govern the conduct of members of a particular group or profession?
Ethics
What is the primary purpose of high-flow oxygen therapy or positive pressure ventilations in pain management?
To manage pain through oxygenation
How should EMTs communicate with geriatric patients?
Determine the person's functional age and adapt communication accordingly
What is the term for a good documentation in EMT-b?
All of the above
What is the importance of documentation in PCR?
To create a legal record of the incident
What is the purpose of radio communication in emergency response?
To facilitate contact between providers and medical control
How should EMTs communicate with children during an emergency response?
Position yourself on their level and explain procedures truthfully
What is the definition of a multiple casualty incident (MCI)?
Having three or more patients
What is the role of the dispatcher in emergency response?
To screen and assign priorities, and select and alert appropriate units to respond
What is the primary responsibility of a Bronze commander in Command and Control?
To be directly responsible to their Incident commanders
What is the purpose of the Warm zone in Safety zones?
To decontaminate people that have contaminated with the substance
What is the highest priority in Triage Priorities?
Red - highest priority patients
What is the principle of Autonomy in Ethical principles?
Honour the right of patients to self-determination
What is the range of portable radio installed in a vehicle?
10 to 15 miles
What is the purpose of the Cold zone in Safety zones?
This is where the treatment, rehabilitation area is
What is one of the signs and symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder?
All of the above
What is one of the factors to remember when transferring a patient?
All of the above
What is the primary goal of benchmarking in the context of EMS?
To identify areas for improvement in internal activities
What is the role of the Medical Director in an EMS system?
To educate and train personnel, participate in equipment and personnel selection, and develop clinical protocols
What is the primary difference between an EMT-Basic and an EMT-Paramedic?
The types of medical procedures they are authorized to perform
What is the purpose of the ERG 2012 guidebook?
To provide guidance for first responders during the initial phase of a hazardous materials transportation incident
What is the primary purpose of markings on hazardous materials packages?
To provide additional information about the contents of the package
What is the primary goal of mass decontamination procedures?
To remove the bulk of contaminants from a person as quickly and completely as possible
What is the primary difference between BLS and ALS procedures?
The level of complexity of the procedures
What is the role of the EMS system in providing medical care to the community?
To establish a network of personnel, equipment, and resources to deliver aid and emergency medical care
Study Notes
Retrospective Methods
- Recognition of past deficiencies, trends & patterns
- Medical debriefings
- Critique sessions
- Audits
- Practice profile/credentialing
- Incident reports
Roles and Responsibilities of an EMT
- Primary roles and responsibilities
- Characteristics of an EMT
Dealing with Grief
- Providing gentle, caring support
- Making helpful statements and comments
- Being sincere and understanding
- Understanding that grief is a process
The Grieving Process
- Denial: Refusal to accept
- Anger: Blaming others
- Bargaining: Promising to change
- Depression: Openly expressing grief
- Acceptance: The simple "yes"
Public Education Awareness
- What to do in an emergency
- Number to call
- Information required
- Teaching basic first aid skills
- Promoting the service
- Skills development and job creation
- Community voluntary standbys
- Poster presentations
PCR (Patient Care Report)
- Importance of documentation
- A written record of the incident
- A legal record of the incident
- Professionalism
- Medical audit
- Quality improvement
- Billing and administration
- Data collection
Radio Communication
- Facilitating contact between providers and medical control
Communication
- Sharing medical information and history accurately
- Facilitating effective diagnosis and treatment
- Building trust and rapport between healthcare providers and patients
- Providing emotional support and reassurance
- Educating patients about their conditions, treatments, and preventive measures
- Enabling collaboration among healthcare professionals
- Ensuring patient safety through clear instructions and informed consent
Good Communication
- Never putting anyone down for making a mistake
- Being honest without criticizing
- Not judging people's opinions
Communicating with Special Patient Groups
- Communicating with children:
- Allow people or objects that provide comfort to remain close
- Explaining procedures truthfully
- Positioning oneself at the child's level
- Communicating with geriatric patients:
- Determining the person's functional age
- Not assuming an older patient is senile or confused
- Allowing ample time to respond
- Watching for confusion, anxiety, or impaired hearing or vision
- Communicating with abused patients:
- Approaching calmly and compassionately
- Introducing oneself and explaining one's role
- Ensuring the patient feels safe and supported
Multiple Casualty Incident
- Reporting back to control and providing necessary information
- Defining an MCI: Having three or more patients
Responsibilities of Medical Officer, Dispatcher, and EMT
- Dispatcher responsibilities:
- Screening and assigning priorities
- Selecting and alerting units to respond
- Directing units to the location
- Coordinating response with other agencies
- Providing pre-arrival instructions to the caller
- Medical Control responsibilities:
- Guiding treatment of patients
- Providing direct orders for treatment
- Varying responsibilities from system to system
Non-Pharmacological Pain Management
- Using non-pharmacological methods in the field:
- Splinting
- Gentle handling
- Talking to patients
Preparing a Patient for Rescue
- Administering high-flow oxygen therapy or positive pressure ventilations
- Administering sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, or fluid bolus
Packaging a Patient with a C-Spine Injury
- Securing the C-Spine
Rescue Equipment
- Basket stretcher
- Kendrick Extrication Device (KED)
- Spine board
- Other types of rescue equipment
Types of Rescue
- Confined Spaces
- Trenches
- Water rescue
- Spinal Injuries in Submersion Incidents
- Rope rescue
- Wilderness search and rescue
- Lost person search and rescue
- Structure fires
- Agricultural and industrial rescue
Definitions
- Professionalism: Conduct characteristic of an expert practitioner
- Major incident: Incident requiring extraordinary resources
- Triage: Sorting patients by seriousness of injury
- Criminal law: Crimes against the state
- Civil law: Wrongs against individuals
- Patient autonomy: Rational decisions for oneself
- Implied consent: Agreement to treatment without coercion
- Professional negligence: Negligent harm to another
- Medical malpractice: Negligent or intentional harm
- Unprofessional conduct: Improper or dishonorable conduct
- Ethics: Rules governing professional conduct
- Leadership: Ability to influence and motivate others
- Respect: Deep admiration for someone or something
Handover
- IMIST-AMBO
- METHANE
- Other handover protocols
Transportation Modes
- Type 1 Ambulance
- Type II Ambulance
- Type 3 Ambulance
- Response Vehicle
- Cycles and Motorcycles
- Helicopter
- Military helicopters
- Fix Wing versus Rotor Wing air ambulance
Good Documentation
- Accuracy
- Legibility
- Timeliness
- Unaltered
- Professionalism
- Completeness
Zones
- Bronze (operational)
- Silver (tactical)
- Gold (strategic)
- Safety zones:
- Hot zone: Hazardous materials present
- Warm zone: Decontamination area
- Cold zone: Safe area
Rescue Activities
- Preparation
- Response
- Scene size-up
- Disentanglement
- Removal
- Transport
Triage
- Red (highest priority)
- Yellow (second highest priority)
- Green (walking wounded)
- Black (dead)
Issues Related to Respect
- Respect for persons
- Autonomy
- Non-maleficence
- Beneficence
- Tolerance
Environmental Disasters
- Earthquake
- Building fire
- Train accident
- Volcano
- Flood
- Plane crash
Portable Radio
- Range of 10-15 miles
- Handheld radios operate at 1-5 watts of power
Handheld Tools
- Striking tools
- Leverage/prying/spreading tools
- Cutting tools
- Lifting/pushing/pulling tools
Hazards
- 5 types of hazards:
- Chemical
- Biological
- Physical
- Psychological
- Environmental
Transferring a Patient
- Nature of illness
- Urgency of transfer
- Mobilization time
- Geographical factors
- Weather
- Traffic conditions
- Cost
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Depression
- Startle reactions
- Flashback phenomena
- Amnesia of event
Applied Respect
- Healthcare practitioners should respect patients as persons
- Autonomy: Respect for patient decisions
- Non-maleficence: Do not harm or act against the best interests of patients
- Beneficence: Act in the best interests of patients
- Tolerance: Respect for different ethical beliefs
EMT/Paramedic Licensing in UAE
- 3 Certification Levels:
- Emergency Medical Technician-Basic (EMT-B)
- Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic (EMT-P)
- Emergency Medical Technician-Advance Paramedic (EMT-AP)
Benchmarking
- On-going and systematic process for measuring and comparing the work process of one organization to those of another
- Goal: Providing policymakers with a standard for measuring quality and cost of internal activities and identifying opportunities for improvement
Licensing of EMS Industry in UAE
- Regulatory framework for EMS industry in the UAE
All Definitions of CLO2
- EMS System: Comprehensive network of personnel, equipment, and resources for delivering aid and emergency medical care
- BLS: Basic Life Support procedures such as artificial ventilation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- ALS: Advanced Life Support procedures such as intravenous therapy, drug therapy, intubation, and defibrillation
- Protocols: Policies and procedures for all elements of an EMS system
- Ongoing Education: Variety of journals and resources for staying current in the EMS industry
Test your knowledge of quality assurance audits, including structural evaluation, process evaluation, and more. Identify the different types of audits and their key components.
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