Quality Assurance and HSSE Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Quality Assurance (QA)?

  • Preventing defects and improving quality (correct)
  • Changing employee attitudes towards quality
  • Implementing safety measures
  • Eliminating diseases and injuries

    • Which aspect of HSSE focuses on physical, mental, and social well-being?

  • Environment
  • Security
  • Safety
  • Health (correct)

    • Which of the following is a responsibility of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)?

  • Training seafarers for shipping operations
  • Creating a universal regulatory framework (correct)
  • Directly enforcing maritime laws at sea
  • Conducting safety drills on ships

    • What does Quality Thinking (QT) primarily aim to influence?

    <p>Employee attitudes towards quality management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the HSSE framework?

    <p>Economic Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which convention is related to the safety of life at sea and is enforced by the IMO?

    <p>SOLAS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of implementing security measures within the HSSE framework?

    <p>To protect against deliberate threats and ensure operational continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not classified as a Major Air Pollutant?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Quality Assurance differ from Quality Control?

    <p>Quality Assurance is associated with preventing defects, whereas Quality Control involves measuring them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct formula for calculating emissions based on the emission factor?

    <p>Emission Factor x Consumption = Emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an Emission Control Area (ECA)?

    <p>Designated zones with stricter emission standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes Liner Shipping from Tramp Shipping?

    <p>Containerized cargo using ISO containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is an example of transferring risk?

    <p>Buying marine insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Quality Control (QC)?

    <p>Identifying and fixing defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the common goal of Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Thinking (QT)?

    <p>Both aim to solve quality problems and improve quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) 21 times higher than Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?

    <p>Methane (CH4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emissions contribute to Scope 1 emissions?

    <p>Emissions from company-owned vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Global Warming Potential (GWP) measure?

    <p>To compare the heat-trapping ability of different greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model in ISO 14001?

    <p>To improve environmental management systems continually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulatory measure aims specifically to reduce sulfur emissions from ships?

    <p>IMO 2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which emissions result from purchased electricity used in an organization?

    <p>Scope 2 emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of approach determines GHG emissions based on a company's operational control?

    <p>Management Control Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Continuous Emissions Monitoring System focus on?

    <p>Monitoring emissions at a constant rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant advantage of LED lighting over traditional lighting?

    <p>Longer service life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system is referred to as 'Cold Ironing'?

    <p>An on-shore power system for docked vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a Scope 3 emission source?

    <p>Emissions from company owned vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to calculate emissions based on data of consumption and emission factor?

    <p>Calculation-Based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of environmental management, what does the term 'Baseline Year' refer to?

    <p>The year used to compare current emissions levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are NOT considered GHGs?

    <p>Hydrogen (H2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Environmental Management System ISO 14001?

    <p>Minimizing harmful environmental impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Quality Assurance (QA)?

    <p>Guaranteeing the quality of a product through proactive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute of the Kano Model is considered an unexpected positive reaction from customers?

    <p>Attractive Attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Quality Thinking (QT)?

    <p>Changing employees' attitudes towards quality improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA)?

    <p>QA focuses on preventing defects, while QC identifies and fixes defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the risk assessment process?

    <p>Risk matrix combines probability and severity of potential hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mistake proofing aim to prevent?

    <p>Service failures by redesigning service processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary activity of HSSE management?

    <p>Ensuring compliance with relevant health and safety regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using standard forms in bills of lading?

    <p>Eliminates misunderstandings in contract terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the term 'flag of convenience' refer to?

    <p>Ships owned by individuals from various nationalities without stringent regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HSSE cost optimization aim to achieve?

    <p>Reducing economic losses through effective HSSE measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in developing an organisational culture around safety?

    <p>Encouraging open communication and sharing concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is primarily responsible for ensuring that safety standards are followed in port?

    <p>Port State</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main purposes of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)?

    <p>To set global standards for safety, security, and environmental performance in shipping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Major Air Pollutants

    • Major air pollutants include: Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Particulate Matter (PM), and Lead (Pb).
    • Oxygen is not a major air pollutant.
    • Methane is a greenhouse gas with a Global Warming Potential (GWP) 21 times higher than Carbon Dioxide (CO2).

    Emission Factor

    • Emission Factor (EF) is an average emission rate of a pollutant from a specific activity.
    • The calculation for emissions is: Emission Factor x Consumption = Emission.

    Emission Control Areas (ECA)

    • ECAs have stricter emission standards to control air pollution from ships.
    • Examples of ECAs are the North and Baltic Seas, North America, and the Caribbean Sea.
    • Sulphur content in ECAs must not exceed 0.1% m/m (mass by mass).
    • The sulphur content limit for the high seas is 0.5% m/m.

    Liner vs. Tramp Shipping

    • Liner Shipping:
      • Has a fixed schedule with predefined ports of call.
      • Ships containerized cargo (ISO containers).
    • Tramp Shipping:
      • Has no fixed schedule.
      • Ships bulk cargo (dry bulk, oil, or gas).

    Risk Control Methods

    • Avoid: Eliminate risk by changing plans.
      • Example: Rerouting ships to avoid pirate-infested waters.
    • Mitigate: Reduce the probability or impact of risk.
      • Example: Wearing helmets during cargo operations.
    • Transfer: Shift risk to a third party.
      • Example: Buying marine insurance.
    • Accept: Take no action and bear the consequences.
      • Example: Accepting minor risks like small injuries that do not justify additional resources.

    Quality Control (QC), Quality Assurance (QA), and Quality Thinking (QT)

    • Similarities:
      • Both QC and QA are quality management processes (QM).
      • Both aim to solve quality problems and improve quality.
    • Differences:
      • QC:
        • Focuses on identifying and fixing defects.
        • Outcome-oriented (product checking).
        • Performed after production.
      • QA:
        • Prevents defects and improves quality.
        • Process-oriented (ensuring processes meet standards).
        • Performed before production.
      • QT:
        • Motivates quality improvement.
        • Mindset-oriented (employee attitude).
      • QC and QA are tools, techniques, and methods (technical aspect), while QT involves changing employee attitudes toward quality management (sociocultural aspect).

    HSSE Aspects

    • Health:
      • Physical, mental, and social well-being of crew members and others involved in shipping.
      • Aims to eliminate diseases and injuries.
    • Safety:
      • Protecting crew and others from unintended accidents or incidents that could cause harm.
      • Implementation of safety measures and controls to prevent accidents.
    • Security:
      • Protecting crew, others, and assets from deliberate threats (criminal activities or terrorism).
      • Effective security measures ensure the uninterrupted operation of ships.
    • Environment:
      • Protecting the environment by controlling pollution.
      • Minimising air, water, land, and noise pollution caused by shipping operations.

    International Maritime Organization (IMO)

    • Global standard-setting authority for safety, security, and environmental performance of international shipping.
    • Responsibilities:
      • Creating a universal regulatory framework adopted and implemented globally.
      • Safety Conventions:
        • SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea)
        • STCW (Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers)
        • COLREG (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea)
        • Load Lines Convention
      • Security Conventions:
        • ISPS Code (International Ship and Port Facility Security Code)
      • Environmental Conventions:
        • MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships)
        • IMO 2020 (Regulation to reduce sulphur emissions)
      • Drafting, adopting, and enforcing these conventions, ensuring compliance through flag state control and port state control (enforcement by the country of registration and countries visited).

    Carbon Audit

    • Records, manages, monitors, and reduces GHG emissions of an organization.
    • Organisational Boundary: Legally owned or controlled; uses management control or equity share approach for consolidating GHG emissions.
    • Geographical Boundary: Defined by physical location, area, services, and facilities.
    • Base Year: Single base year, average of several years, or a rolling base year.
    • Operational Boundary: Scope 1, Scope 2, or Scope 3.
    • GHG Sources: CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs.
    • Calculation Methodology:
      • Calculation-Based: Emission = Consumption x Emission Factor
      • Measurement-Based: Predictive Emissions Monitoring System, Continuous Emissions Monitoring System
    • Emission Factor (EF) & Global Warming Potential (GWP)
      • EF: Average emission rate of a pollutant from a given source relative to the intensity of an activity.
      • GWP: Relative measure of heat a GHG can trap in the atmosphere.
    • Data Collection: Annual data collected for each activity defined, such as diesel fuel consumed, electricity consumed, petrol used for vehicles, and water consumed by buildings
    • Emission Calculation: Total emissions are equal to all GHGs converted to CO2 equivalent, measured in tons.
    • GHG Inventory Development: Records all emissions within the organization.
    • Reporting: Publishes GHG emissions index/carbon footprint.

    Emission Control Areas (ECA)

    • ECAs in effect: Baltic Sea, North Sea, North America, and the US Caribbean Sea.
    • High Seas: 0.5% m/m (sulphur content limit)
    • Port Water: 0.1% m/m (sulphur content limit)

    Air Pollution

    • Scope 1: Direct emissions.
      • Company-owned vehicles.
    • Scope 2: Indirect emissions
      • Purchased electricity for own use.
    • Scope 3: Indirect emissions
      • Production of purchased materials.

    Terminal Environmental Impact

    • Quay:
      • Vessel: Bunker fuel (Scope 1); main engine shut down, auxiliary engine turned on.
        • Major emissions from auxiliary engine: CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, PM.
        • High levels of emission in PM, SOx, and NOx (except for GHGs).
        • Ballast water discharge contaminates waters.
    • Quay Crane: Electricity (Scope 2).
    • Terminal Yard:
      • Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG): Diesel fuel; black smoke, N2O, CO/CO2, PM.
        • Most emissions during the start of the hoisting-up cycle.
        • High noise levels during operation.
        • Similar situation at the quay.
      • Mobile Equipment & Vehicle: Diesel, petrol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); emissions during operation.
      • Chemical spillage through the drainage system causes water pollution in the basin.
      • Equipment maintenance area: Handling of chemicals and potential spills.
    • General Environmental Concerns: Conservation of energy (lighting source, computer), waste dumping.
    • Bulk Terminal:
      • Storage: Open areas result in emissions blown by strong winds or drained by rain.
      • Handling: Air pollution from pneumatic and mechanical types.
      • Spillage or fire: Easily occur at liquid bulk or liquefied gas terminals, especially if not handled with care or if there is a lack of maintenance.

    Environmental Initiatives

    • Quay (On-Shore Power System) (Scope 2)
      • Known as "Cold Ironing" or Alternative Maritime Power (AMP).
      • Reduces NOx, SOx, CO, and PM at the quay.
      • System Types:
        • Full Vessel Integrated
        • Semi-Fixed
        • Mobile-Based
        • Fixed-Based
        • Barge
    • Terminal Yard (Electrified RTG) (Scope 2)
      • System Types:
        • Overhead Conductor Line System with Pantograph: Requires intense infrastructure, wider back-to-back clearance, and provides high productivity due to less drive-in and drive-out operations.
        • Exposed Conductor Bar System with Pantograph: Uses direct current, is vulnerable to electricity exposure, and provides similar productivity to the conductor bar system.
        • Cable Reel System: Lower productivity with manual plugging/unplugging, adds additional weight (5 tons).
        • Conductor Bar System with Towed Trolley: Lower productivity with manual plugging/unplugging.
        • Conductor Bar with Automatic Electricity Connection System: High productivity with automatic plugging/unplugging, but requires a power substation.
    • Reefer Yard (Solar Panels): Convert solar energy to electrical energy, enabling carbon reduction and energy saving
    • Terminal Yard (Electric Vehicles) (Scope 2)
      • Vehicles:
        • Cars: Battery pack; range of 160km; advantages include zero emissions, lower operating costs (long-term), and low noise levels.
        • Movers: Battery pack; disadvantages include a lower operating hour and the need for chargers.
      • Types of Movers:
        • Electrical (Pantograph)
        • Hydraulic Hybrid
        • Hydrogen or Electric Hybrid Fuel Cell Drive
      • Advantages of electric movers: Zero carbon emission, lower operating cost.
    • Chemical/Waste Handling & Others:
      • General Waste: Separate according to categories.
      • Chemical Waste/Waste Water: Drip trays in case of spillage.
      • Education and Training: Promote awareness in environmental protection, participation in green awards competitions and environmental protection activities.

    Conservation of Energy

    • LED: Lower energy consumption, longer service life, more expensive than traditional lighting.

    Environmental Initiatives at a Regional Level

    • Singapore:
      • Maritime Singapore Green Initiative:
        • Green Ship Program
        • Green Energy & Technology Program
        • Green Awareness Program
    • Hong Kong:
      • Government incentives
      • Fair Winds Charter
      • Switch to 0.5% m/m sulphur content or less
      • Air Pollution Control (Ocean Going Vessels) (Fuel at Berth) Regulation
    • China (Pearl River Delta (PRD)):
      • Incentive scheme for on-shore power systems.
      • Berth fuel switching.
    • San Pedro Bay:
      • Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP)
        • OGV (Ocean Going Vessel) Control Measures
        • Clean Trucks Program (CTP)
        • Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE) Control Measures
      • Green Ship Incentive Program
      • Green Flag Incentive Program
      • Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program

    Environmental Management System (EMS)

    • ISO 14001:
      • EMS based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model.
      • PDCA Cycle:
        • Plan: Environmental aspects, legal and other requirements, objectives, targets, and programs.
        • Do: Implementation and operations, resources, roles, responsibility and authority, competence, training and awareness, communication, documentation, control of documents, operational control, emergency preparedness and response.
        • Check: Monitoring and measurements, evaluation of compliance, nonconformity, corrective action and preventive action, control of records, internal audit.
        • Act: Management review.
    • Major Requirements (ISO 14001):
      • Policy statement: Commitments to prevent pollution, continual improvement of EMS, improvement in overall environmental performance, and compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements.
      • Identification: Aspects of community organizations activities, products, and services that could have significant impacts on the environment.
      • Performance objectives and targets: Develop a program to periodically audit the execution of EMS, check for deviations, take corrective/preventive actions, and undertake periodic reviews by top management to ensure sustainability.
    • Relationship between ISO 14001 & ISO 14000:
      • ISO 14001 is part of the ISO 14000 family of standards.
      • ISO 14000: Framework for developing environmental management systems.
      • Key aim of ISO 14000: Minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by activities and sustain improvement in environmental performance.

    Quality

    • Perceptual: Perceived by individuals based on their senses or experiences.

    • Conditional: Dependent on context or conditions.

    • Subjective: Importance of attributes based on unique preference and priorities.

    • Product Quality Dimensions:

      • Performance: Primary purpose of the product.
      • Features: Supporting products' basic performance.
      • Reliability: Performs consistently over useful design life.
      • Conformance: Complies with specifications or numeric dimensions
      • Durability: Tolerates stress or trauma.
      • Serviceability: Ease of repair.
      • Aesthetics: Sensory characteristics of the product.
      • Perceived Quality: Subjective understanding influenced by brand, advertisements, and word of mouth.

    • Service Quality Dimensions:

      • Tangibles: Physical appearance of facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials.
      • Service Reliability: Performing service accurately and dependably.
      • Responsiveness: Providing and adjusting service promptly to meet changing customer needs.
      • Assurance: Employee knowledge, the ability to inspire trust and confidence.
      • Empathy: Helpful, caring, and providing individualised attention.

    Quality Control (QC)

    • Evaluates the final product for quality problems based on predefined standards.
    • Example: Inspection of products to ensure they meet the required specifications.

    Inspecting, Sampling or Testing

    • Defects can be detected through inspection, sampling, or testing..
    • After detection, products can be rejected, reworked, disposed of, or remade.
    • Services require service recovery including: compensation, apologies, problem solving, and explanation to address detected defects.

    Quality Assurance (QA)

    • Guarantees the quality of a product.
    • Focuses on process improvement and prevention of quality problems.
    • Uses activities like mistake proofing and the Kano Model.

    Quality Thinking (QT)

    • A mindset for quality improvement that involves changing employee attitudes.
    • Employees are constantly striving for improvement, never settling for "satisfactory".
    • Supports the implementation of QA and QC.
    • Focuses on people aspect and how QC and QT are tools to be used.
    • Enabled by planning for improvement, providing leadership and support, training and retraining, employee recognition, creating an organizational culture, designing systems that reinforce quality ideas, and facilitating communication.

    Similarities and Differences of QC, QA, and QT

    • All are part of quality management.
    • All aim to solve quality problems and improve quality.
    • QC and QA are tools, techniques, and methods (technical aspect).
    • QT involves changing employee attitudes (socio-cultural aspect).
    • QC identifies and fixes defects.
    • QA prevents defects and improves quality.
    • QT motivates quality improvement.

    Difference between QA and QC

    • QA prevents defects, while QC identifies and fixes defects.
    • QA is process-oriented, while QC is outcome-oriented.
    • QA occurs before QC, while QC occurs after QA.
    • QA ensures the quality team does the right things the right way.
    • QC ensures the quality team follows the standards.
    • QA defines standards and procedures before production, while QC ensures standards are followed during production.
    • Mistake proofing prevents service failure through service process redesign.

    Main Errors that cause Service Failure

    • Service Error: Incorrectly done work, ignoring customer requests, wrong order, or slow service (task errors).
    • Service Error: Failure to acknowledge, listen, or react appropriately to customers (treatment errors).
    • Service Error: Dirty facilities or uniforms, failure to control noise, odors, light, or temperature (tangible errors).
    • Customer Error (Before Encounter): Failure to bring necessary materials (preparation).
    • Customer Error (During Encounter): Failure to remember steps in service process (encounter error).
    • ​Customer Error (After Encounter): Failure to provide service feedback (resolution error).

    Kano Model

    • A model for designing products and services that satisfy and delight customers.

    • Defines attributes essential for customer satisfaction.

    • Attributes have different effects on customer satisfaction.

    • Must-Be Attributes: Expected features that do not increase or decrease satisfaction; e.g., safety, security, health, environment.

    • Performance Attributes: Features with greater functionality leading to greater satisfaction; e.g., speed, reliability, integrated logistics services.

    • Attractive Attributes: Unexpected features that result in positive reactions; e.g., technology innovation, triple-bottom line, green certification.

    • Indifferent Attributes: Functionality has no effect on customers; e.g., ship and container colors, cargo hold interior design, ship engine brand.

    Quality & Profitability

    • Improving quality leads to higher perceived value, higher market share, and increased revenue, ultimately increasing profitability.
    • Conformance to quality standards leads to lower costs and increased profitability.

    Genuine Link between Ship & State

    • Ownership of the ship by an individual or company of the same nationality as the flag state.
    • Contribution of the merchant fleet to the national economy.
    • Inclusion of shipping revenues and expenditures in the national balance of payments.
    • Employment of nationals on ships.

    Closed & Open Registries

    • Ship owners can register their vessels in either closed or open registries.
    • Closed Registry: Ships owned by individuals or companies of the same nationality.
    • Open Registry: Ships owned by individuals or companies of any nationality.
    • Requires a foreign shipowner to have an office with a minimum paid-up capital and appoint a commercial/technical manager in the country.
    • Examples: Norwegian Ship Register (NOR) - Norwegians Only, Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS) - All Nationalities.

    Flags of Convenience (FOC)

    • Ships owned by individuals or companies of any nationality.
    • Do not require shipowners to have an office in the country or appoint a commercial/technical manager.
    • Do not adopt or enforce “Core” maritime conventions related to safety, pollution prevention, training standards, and labor regulations.
    • Lack the power to impose government or international regulations to control shipping companies.
    • Pose threats to health, safety, security, and the environment: - Crime (human and illegal product trafficking). - Terrorism. - Poor working conditions and abuse of seafarers (exploitation from shipowners). - Accidents (pollution and collision).
    • Prevent entry into territorial waters of port states that ratified core maritime conventions.
    • Targetted and detained by port states until deficiencies are corrected.

    Advantages of Flagging Out

    • Decision to register ships with foreign registries.
    • Lower operating costs due to lighter maintenance programs.
    • Less stringent enforcement of safety standards.
    • Less regulatory control and avoidance of bureaucracy.
    • Exemption of income tax.
    • Easy accessibility and exit to and from the flag state.
    • No restriction on remittance of ships’ earnings to other countries.
    • No restriction on capital flow.
    • Lower crew cost or manning requirements.

    HSSE ( Health, Safety, Security, and Environment)

    • Studies and implements practical aspects of environmental protection, health, security, and safety at work.

    • Forms HSSEQ or QHSSE in quality management.

    • Aspects of HSSE Management:

      • Health: Assuring the physical, mental, and social well-being of the crew and others.

      • Safety: Protecting the crew from unintended accidents that can cause harm.

      • Security: Protecting individuals and assets against deliberate threats and criminal activities.

      • Environment: Protecting the environment by reducing air, water, land, and noise pollution.

    • Types of HSSE Activities:

      • Regulatory Driven: Complying with relevant conventions and implementing suitable HSSE measures.
      • Market Driven: Doing more than what is required by conventions.
      • Factors Affecting HSSE:
        • Flag State/Ship Registry: Regulates vessel, crew, and management standards.
        • Ship Owner: Decides if technical standards will exceed minimum requirements and selects crew or management company for operation.
        • Shipbuilder: Controls technical standards.
        • Cargo Owner: Pays for transport service, undertakes independent safety assessments, and conducts ship inspections.
        • Insurer: Part of the risk on behalf of the ship owner and undertakes independent ship assessments.
        • Ship Management Company: Responsible for crewing, operation, and maintenance on behalf of the ship owner.
        • Port State: Responsible for safety in ports and harbor approaches and controls the safety standards of vessels.

    HSSE Cost Optimisation

    • Preventive Costs:
      • Developing HSSE measures or programmes
      • Safety Equipment and Installation
      • Inspection and Maintenance of Safety Equipment
      • Ship Inspection
      • Training
    • Cost of Losses:
      • Total loss of ship/replacing ship
      • Degraded operability/operation causing unscheduled delays
      • Loss of future income
      • Repair cost/fines and penalties/compensation to 3rd parties
      • Negative publicity

    Risk Assessment

    • Use of Risk Matrix as a decision-making tool.
    • Risk Assessment Steps:
      • Hazard & Risk Identification: Substance, situation, or practice that has the potential to cause harm.
      • Risk Estimation:
        • Probability:
          • Frequent (5) - Likely to occur often
          • Probable (4)- Will occur several times
          • Occasional (3) - Likely to occur a few times
          • Remote (2) - Unlikely but possible to occur
          • Improbable (1) - So unlikely, can be assumed will not occur
        • Severity:
          • Catastrophic (4) - Death or Major Asset Loss
          • Critical (3) - Severe Injury or Illness or Major Asset Damage
          • Marginal (2) - Minor Injury or Illness or Minor Asset Damage
          • Negligible (1) - No, or less than minor illness, injury, or asset damage
        • Risk Assessment Matrix: (Probability x Severity)

    Risk Control

    • Avoid: Changing plans to circumvent the occurrence of risk. (E.g., choosing an alternate route to avoid pirate infested routes)
    • Mitigate: Reducing the probability or severity of risk. (E.g., wearing anti-slip boots)
    • Transfer: Transferring risk to a third party. (E.g., buying marine insurance)
    • Accept: Retaining risk and dealing with it after it has occurred. (Applies to minor risks where doing nothing is better than wasting resources). (E.g., minor, cuts, or bruises.)
    • Accept: Incidents where there’s no way to control risk (E.g., Act of God)
    • All risk that is not mitigated, avoided, or transferred, is accepted by default).

    Organisational Culture

    • A common set of norms and values within an organization.
    • Safety Culture: Collection of norms and values shared by employees regarding workplace risks.
    • A systematic effort and genuine concern for safety must be rooted in the organization’s safety culture.

    Developing Organisational Cultures

    • Applying concepts to safety:

      • Symbols: Words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning (warning signs, posters, slogans).
      • Heroes: Persons who are highly praised and serve as models of behavior (people rewarded for their efforts toward safety by their peers and organization).
      • Rituals: Collective activities that are socially essential. (Scheduled safety meetings)
      • Values: Attitude within an organization. (Taking the time to do the job right because shortcuts are not worth the risk of injury. )

    • The deeper structure of culture is not immediately observable by outsiders: “The Way we Do Things Around Here”

    International Maritime Organization (IMO)

    • The global standard-setting authority for safety, security, and environmental performance of international shipping.
    • Provides a regulatory framework that is universally adopted and implemented.
    • Ensures operational efficiency through agreed regulations.
    • A forum for creating conventions that contain:
      • Articles: Particular points.
      • Annexes: New articles/chapters
      • Regulations: Rules that control the way things are done.

    IMO Conventions:

    • Safety: The Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG)
    • Security: International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS)
    • Environment: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), International Ballast Water Management Convention, IMO 2020

    Implementation Process of an IMO Convention:

    • Drafting: Based on major accidents or research findings. Any member state can propose the need for a new convention. The council reviews and decides to accept the proposal. A committee drafts the convention and recommends a date for a conference to adopt the convention.

    • Adoption: The draft convention is circulated for comments. The committee examines the comments and amends the draft convention. The final draft is presented to the member states at the conference. A majority of states vote to formally adopt the convention.

    • Ratification: The IMO sets a deadline for ratification.

    • Ratification: States have three ways to ratify the Convention:

      • Signature: States sign the convention without reservations.
      • Signature Subject to Ratification/Acceptance or Approval: States sign with remarks like, "Subject to Ratification." The state only ratifies the convention when it submits a document called the "Instrument of Ratification" to the Depository of the convention.
      • Accession: States become parties to a treaty that they didn’t sign while it was open for signature.

    • Entry into Force: The convention enters into force when it's ratified by the required number of states with the required total tonnage after a predefined time.

    BIMCO

    • Standard forms for Bills of Lading.
    • Examples: BIMCHEMBOYBILL 2016, COAL-OREVOYBIL, MULTIDOC 2016.

    Bill of Lading & Charter Party Standard Forms

    • The buyer-seller agreement decides who will arrange for sea transport (INCOTERMS).
    • The party responsible is the shipper.
    • The Contract of Carriage by Sea Act (COGSA): Governs the shipper and shipowner. The shipowner is required to issue a bill of lading to the shipper for cargo loaded on a ship.
    • Charterparty:
      • The employment of a whole ship from the ship owner.
      • The shipper is regarded as the charterer.
      • The charterer can be a middleman between the shipper and shipowner.
    • ** Advantages of Standard Forms:** Fixed clauses improve business efficiencies by:
      • Eliminating the need to negotiate clauses which saves legal and negotiation costs and speeds up the shipment process.
      • Reducing misunderstanding of terms and clauses set out in the contract, avoiding potential arbitrations and legal disputes.
      • Improving users’ familiarization with terms or clauses and confidence in using the form.

    Baltic Exchange

    • A membership organization and freight market information provider.
    • Reports daily freight indices for different sizes and types of ships.
    • Baltic Dry Index (BDI): An assessment of the average price to ship raw materials over the past month on 50 shipping routes by ship size.
    • Uses of Freight Indices:
      • Reflect the latest freight rates.
      • Form the basis of freight rate negotiations between charterer and shipowner in a charterparty.
      • Predict economic activity.
      • Predict activity in other shipping markets.

    International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)

    • An association representing the interests of shipowners and operators.
    • Members represent 80% of the world merchant fleet.
    • Concerned with technical, legal, employment affairs, and trade policy issues that affect international ship operations.
    • Assess and advise governments on the viability of IMO Conventions.
    • Guide shipowners on complying with conventions by developing and recommending best practices.
    • Views best practices as an essential complement to international regulations.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

    • Deals with economic development issues and provides policy recommendations.
    • Publishes reports that provide evidence-based policy analysis to help countries improve economic, social, and environmental outcomes.
    • Maritime Transport: A recurrent publication published since 1968, aiming to foster transparency in maritime markets and analyze relevant developments. It has four sections:
      • International Maritime Trade & Port Traffic: Analyzes and predicts maritime trade volume, port throughput, and trends.
      • Maritime Transport Services & Infrastructure Supply: Analyzes the supply of ships, freight rates, and shipbuilding/recycling.
      • Performance Indicators: Analyzes and reports on shipping and port performance, as well as environmental indicators of the industry.
      • Legal Issues & Regulatory Development: Reviews recent and future developments in the legal and regulatory landscape of the industry.

    International Labour Organisation (ILO)

    • Develops conventions that promote rights at work.
    • Encourages decent employment opportunities, enhances social protection, and strengthens dialogue on work-related issues.
    • Maritime Labour Convention (MLC):
      • An international labor organization convention established in 2006.
      • Ratified by 96 member states (91% of the world merchant fleet).
      • The Code (5 Titles):
        • Minimum requirements for seafarers to work on ships.
        • Conditions of employment.
        • Accommodation, recreational facilities, food, and catering
        • Health protection, medical care, welfare, and social security protection
        • Compliance and enforcement.

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    MT0001 Lect 1 - 6 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on Quality Assurance (QA), Health, Safety, Security, and the Environment (HSSE) frameworks. This quiz covers key concepts, responsibilities of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and differences between Quality Assurance and Quality Control. Explore important environmental regulations and principles as they relate to shipping and safety.

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