Qualitative stof

understanding the meaning people have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the experiences they have in the world.

1. Systematic
2. Empirical
3. Critical
4. Iterative

1. Topic and Research Question
2. Literature Review
3. Research Design
4. Data collection
5. Data analysis
6. Report

Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world

... An umbrella term covering an array of interpretive techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate, and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world.

• Interviews
• Ethnography
• Case studies
• Document analysis

• Qualitative research seek meaning
• Quantitative researchers seek truth

Induction

1. Observations
2. Pattern
3. Tentative hypothesis
4. Theory Deduction
5. Theory
6. Hypothesis
7. Observations
8. Confirmation

1. We interpret in an already interpreted world
2. We observe and question the world to find evidence of meaning
3. We build understanding from our intepretations of this evidence

1. Peripheral
2. Active
3. Complete member

• Iterative, meaning oriented and context-dependent

• Establish trust
• Experience
• Consider their point of view

• Creating
• Evaluating
• Analyzing
• Applying
• Understanding
• Remembering

Quantitative - Positivist - Deductive Qualitative - Interpretivist - Inductive

Case study research is a qualitative approach in which the investigator explores a bounded system (a case) or multiple cases over time, through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information and reports a case description and case based themes.

The aim to generate or discover a theory that helps explain practice or provides a framework for further research. Actions, interactions, social process of people are what we aim to capture, then theory is build from this.

In a qualitative study, a research design should be a reflexive process operating through every stage of the project. The activities of collecting and analyzing data, developing and modifying theory, elaborating or refocusing the research questions, and identifying and addressing validity threates,

• Goals:
• Conceptual framework
• Research question
• Methods
• Validity

• Purposeful sample - Information Rich
• Random sample - Representativeness

To use redundancy or saturation as a criteria for enough

1. Using literature before your study starts
2. Using literature during your analysis
3. Using literature during your write up

• Convenience: chosen because cases are close at hand rather then bing randomly selected
• Snowball or Chain : you initially contact a few respondents and ask them whether they know anybody
• Typical: illustrates or highlights what is typical, normal, average.
• Extreme: Learning from highly unusual manifestations of the phenomenon of interest
• Theoretical: the process of data collection for generating theory.
• Satisfied purposeful: illustrates characteristics of particular subgroups of interest

• Key questions and overall topic structure are planned in advance
• The conversation is allowed to flow but the interviewer brings the interviewee back on track regularly.

• Write up an interview schedule
• Practice your questions and revise the schedule
• Confirm time and place and prepare equipment

• A document that organizes the flow of your interview questions
• Should be divided into sub-topics (4 groups)-
• Each topic should have around 5 questions
• Consider the introductory statement and how you will link between each subtopic

• Orienting
• Initial
• Deeper
• Wrap up

• Factual
• Knowledge
• Emotion

• Open ended: avoid dichotomous responses
• Neutral: Minimize predetermined responses
• Singular: No more that one idea in a give question

• Detail oriented probes: who, why, where? What happend next?
• Elaboration probes: nodding your head "uh-huh"
• Clarification probes: you said the lecture was a succes, what do you mean by that?
• Comparing probes: how does X compare to Y
• Silent probe: akward silence, triggering the informant to elaborate
• Echo probe: focus on issue by repeating a word you find interesting

1. Start with a good introduction
2. Converse
3. Listen and show support
4. Be persistent
5. Maintain control
6. Good timing
7. Face to face

• Overly talkative: redirect, reduce your head nods, rephrase/reorder your questions
• Shy/quit: increase your head nodding, confirm after an answers that is was helpful, use lots of probing questions
• Relucant/skeptical: provide a good introduction, confirm after an answers that is was helpful, consider dropping questions to focus on what is really important.

• A systematic method whereby the research uses senses to gather experiential data from being in a particular setting

• Understands the context in which people act
• Support an open, discovery-oriented inductive approach
• Notice what insiders do not pay attention to
• Learning things would be not be discussed in interviews
• Better understanding of the research setting assits with analysis

• It can be diffecult to predict when events of interest will occur
• Time consuming, slow process
• Restricted to information that can be overtly observed
• Difficult to learn about the past

• Wil only be as good as the preparation
• Observations gives an additional perspective not the defenitive persepective

• Skills
• Rigorous training
• Careful preparation

• May change over time
• Varies based on the topic & setting
• Depends on the researcher

• What will be your observer role?
• What are your observation questions?
• What will you focus on based on your questions?
• What do you expect to find that will be relevant for your study

• Physical environment
• Social environment
• Activity
• Communication

• the context collapse -> concealed
• Mobility, multiple usernames -> difficulties with determine who acts
• What you see is not what you get
• Who risks to remain unaware of patterns

Collect data

1. Prepare the raw data
2. Primary cycle coding
3. Create a codebook
4. Secondary cycle coding
5. Revisit the scholarly literature on your topic to focus rest of analysis
6. Create relationships between categories

• Start with open codes
• Stay close to what data says; don't try to answer the RQ or superimpose your interpretation yet
• Constantly compare
• Make memos

Count, split, combine, define, re-organize

Turn primary codes into interpretive concepts, lumping them together into unique hierarchical categories

• Counting
• Comparing
• Explanatory tactics
• Relationships

• Procedural ethics
• Practical ethics

• Qualitative researchers interact with their participants
• Qualitative research produces a great deal of context information
• Our analysis can impact people's lives

1. Do no harm
2. Privacy and anonymity
3. Confidentiality
4. Informed consent
5. Rapport and friendship
6. Intrusiveness
7. Innapropriate behavior
8. Data interpretation
9. Data ownership and rewards

• Treat informants with the dignity, respect and trust they deserve
• Keep things professional: be aware of boundaries - those of your informants, but also own
• Obtain, interpet and share your data in a transparent matter

Grouping according to difference

• Integrating, counting, comparing

the how and why of specific categories/groups

• Factoring, revisiting the literature, relationships

• Transferability
• Credibility
• Dependability
• Confirmability

• Leave behind the quantitative threats and aims
• We are instead concerned with how trustworthy the research is
• You can achieve this by giving rich detail, recording, reflecting and reporting on the choices you have made

We write about the pattern(s) of theoretical significance that we found in our data set (that are core to answering the RQ)

• Comparison
• Narrative

1. Telling about data, not showing it
2. Showing too much data and not interpreting it
3. Using deductive "shorthand"
4. Quantifying qualitative data
5. Inappropriately mixing inductive and deductive data

• Make sure your methods section includes "the basics"
• Show data - in a smart fashion
• Think about using organizing figures
• Think about telling a story
• Consider "modeling" your paper after someone whose style you like who consistently publishes qualitative work

The sandwich approach to using your data in the body of the paper

1. First explain the core idea that we be depicted in the following data
2. Show that data
3. Finally tell more abstractly what the data showed

• You write to establish the credibility of your research
• Cover the basics: describe what you did
• Therefore it is of importance to nicely display your results, thematically, by comparison, through narrrative
• Consider your audience and implications for practice
• Use literature and define key terms
• Cite correctly and use AI with care