Qualitative Research Methodology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of grounded theory in qualitative research?

To analyze existing data

To evaluate the effectiveness of a program

To test a pre-existing theory

To generate or discover a new theory (correct)

Overcoming common problems in interviewing involves allowing the interviewee to dominate the conversation.

False

What are the three kinds of qualitative research?

Case studies, Ethnography, Grounded theory

In qualitative research, data collection and data analysis are often ______________________.

iterative Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of sampling with their descriptions:

Convenience = Sampling from a convenient location or population Snowballing = Sampling through referrals from existing participants Typical = Sampling a typical or average case Theoretical = Sampling based on theoretical concepts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of literature review in qualitative research?

To understand the research topic Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, trustworthiness is judged in terms of credibility and dependability only.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between inductive and deductive research approaches?

Inductive approach starts with observations and leads to a theory, while deductive approach starts with a theory and leads to observations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of qualitative research?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Conducting research is the same as having knowledge about research.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of grounded theory in qualitative research?

To generate or discover a theory that can be used for a framework for further research Signup and view all the answers

Research design consists of _________________.

goals, conceptual framework, research question, methods, validity Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of qualitative research with their descriptions:

Case studies = In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases Ethnography = Study of cultures and societies Grounded theory = Generation or discovery of a theory Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for online observations?

Non-verbal cues are harder to spot Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, observations are always definitive.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of informed consent in qualitative research?

Respect and dignity Signup and view all the answers

Trustworthiness in qualitative research is judged in terms of _________________.

transferability, credibility, dependability, confirmability Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of sampling in qualitative research?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of qualitative research?

Specific, Empirical, Critical, and Iterative Signup and view all the answers

What are the six steps of qualitative research?

Topic research and research question, Literature review, Research design, Data collection, Data analysis, and Reporting Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of access in qualitative research?

Establish trust and consider their point of view Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of case studies in qualitative research?

Explanatory, Revelatory, Multiple, and Intrinsic Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of probing in qualitative interviews?

To gather more information and clarify responses Signup and view all the answers

What are the dimensions of observation in qualitative research?

Physical, Social, Activity, and Communication Signup and view all the answers

What are the challenges of online observations in qualitative research?

Non-verbal cues are harder to spot, Context collapse, and Mobility challenges Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential skills required for good observations in qualitative research?

Skills, Training, and Good preparations Signup and view all the answers

What are the ethical takeaways in qualitative research?

Do no harm, Privacy & anonymity, Confidentiality, Informed consent, and others Signup and view all the answers

How is trustworthiness judged in qualitative research?

In terms of Transferability, Credibility, Dependability, and Confirmability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Qualitative Research Characteristics

Specific
Empirical
Critical
Iterative

6 Steps of Qualitative Research

Topic research and research question
Literature review
Research design
Data collection
Data analysis
Reporting

Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Inductive

Observations
Patterns
Tentative hypothesis
Theory

Deductive

Theory
Hypothesis
Observations
Confirmation

Research Roles

Peripheral
Active
Complete member

Access in Research

Increases over time
Establish trust
Different levels of access are good
Consider their point of view

Conducting Research vs. Having Knowledge

Creating
Evaluating
Analyzing
Applying
Understanding
Remembering

Types of Case Studies

Explanatory
Revelatory
Multiple
Intrinsic

Grounded Theory

Aim to generate or discover a theory for a framework for further research

Types of Qualitative Research

Case studies
Ethnography
Grounded theory

Research Design

Goals
Conceptual framework
Research question
Methods
Validity

Sampling Methods

Convenience
Snowballing
Typical
Extreme
Theoretical
Purposeful

Structure of Interview Questions

Orientating
Initial
Deeper
Wrap up

Probing Techniques

Detail-oriented
Elaborating
Clarification
Comparing
Silent
Echo

Overcoming Common Problems

Over talkative
Redirect
Reduce affirmative signals
Shy
Increase affirmative signals
Confirm
Probing
Skeptical
Good intro
Confirm
Think of deleting questions

Observations

As good as your preparation
Additional, not definitive

Good Observations Require

Skills
Training
Good preparation

Observation Dimensions

Physical
Social
Activity
Communication

Online Observations

Non-verbal cues are harder to spot
Context collapse
Mobility challenges

Iterative Qualitative Analysis

Prepare raw data
Primary code cycling
Create a codebook
Secondary code cycling
Revisit literature
Create relationships

Descriptive Tactics

Counting
Integrating
Comparing

Explanatory Tactics

Analyzing
Factoring
Revisit literature
Create relationships

Ethical Takeaways

Do no harm
Privacy & anonymity
Confidentiality
Informed consent
Rapport & friendship
Intrusiveness
Inappropriate behavior
Data integration
Data ownership

Results

Thematic
Comparison
Narrative

Ethics Takeaways

Treat informants with respect and dignity
Keep things professional, be aware of boundaries
Obtain, interpret, and share your data in a transparent manner

Trustworthiness

Judged in terms of:
- Transferability
- Credibility
- Dependability
- Confirmability

Qualitative Research Characteristics

Specific
Empirical
Critical
Iterative

6 Steps of Qualitative Research

Topic research and research question
Literature review
Research design
Data collection
Data analysis
Reporting

Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Inductive

Observations
Patterns
Tentative hypothesis
Theory

Deductive

Theory
Hypothesis
Observations
Confirmation

Research Roles

Peripheral
Active
Complete member

Access in Research

Increases over time
Establish trust
Different levels of access are good
Consider their point of view

Conducting Research vs. Having Knowledge

Creating
Evaluating
Analyzing
Applying
Understanding
Remembering

Types of Case Studies

Explanatory
Revelatory
Multiple
Intrinsic

Grounded Theory

Aim to generate or discover a theory for a framework for further research

Types of Qualitative Research

Case studies
Ethnography
Grounded theory

Research Design

Goals
Conceptual framework
Research question
Methods
Validity

Sampling Methods

Convenience
Snowballing
Typical
Extreme
Theoretical
Purposeful

Structure of Interview Questions

Orientating
Initial
Deeper
Wrap up

Probing Techniques

Detail-oriented
Elaborating
Clarification
Comparing
Silent
Echo

Overcoming Common Problems

Over talkative
Redirect
Reduce affirmative signals
Shy
Increase affirmative signals
Confirm
Probing
Skeptical
Good intro
Confirm
Think of deleting questions

Observations

As good as your preparation
Additional, not definitive

Good Observations Require

Skills
Training
Good preparation

Observation Dimensions

Physical
Social
Activity
Communication

Online Observations

Non-verbal cues are harder to spot
Context collapse
Mobility challenges

Iterative Qualitative Analysis

Prepare raw data
Primary code cycling
Create a codebook
Secondary code cycling
Revisit literature
Create relationships

Descriptive Tactics

Counting
Integrating
Comparing

Explanatory Tactics

Analyzing
Factoring
Revisit literature
Create relationships

Ethical Takeaways

Do no harm
Privacy & anonymity
Confidentiality
Informed consent
Rapport & friendship
Intrusiveness
Inappropriate behavior
Data integration
Data ownership

Results

Thematic
Comparison
Narrative

Ethics Takeaways

Treat informants with respect and dignity
Keep things professional, be aware of boundaries
Obtain, interpret, and share your data in a transparent manner

Trustworthiness

Judged in terms of:
- Transferability
- Credibility
- Dependability
- Confirmability

Qualitative Research Characteristics

Specific
Empirical
Critical
Iterative

6 Steps of Qualitative Research

Topic research and research question
Literature review
Research design
Data collection
Data analysis
Reporting

Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Inductive

Observations
Patterns
Tentative hypothesis
Theory

Deductive

Theory
Hypothesis
Observations
Confirmation

Research Roles

Peripheral
Active
Complete member

Access in Research

Increases over time
Establish trust
Different levels of access are good
Consider their point of view

Conducting Research vs. Having Knowledge

Creating
Evaluating
Analyzing
Applying
Understanding
Remembering

Types of Case Studies

Explanatory
Revelatory
Multiple
Intrinsic

Grounded Theory

Aim to generate or discover a theory for a framework for further research

Types of Qualitative Research

Case studies
Ethnography
Grounded theory

Research Design

Goals
Conceptual framework
Research question
Methods
Validity

Sampling Methods

Convenience
Snowballing
Typical
Extreme
Theoretical
Purposeful

Structure of Interview Questions

Orientating
Initial
Deeper
Wrap up

Probing Techniques

Detail-oriented
Elaborating
Clarification
Comparing
Silent
Echo

Overcoming Common Problems

Over talkative
Redirect
Reduce affirmative signals
Shy
Increase affirmative signals
Confirm
Probing
Skeptical
Good intro
Confirm
Think of deleting questions

Observations

As good as your preparation
Additional, not definitive

Good Observations Require

Skills
Training
Good preparation

Observation Dimensions

Physical
Social
Activity
Communication

Online Observations

Non-verbal cues are harder to spot
Context collapse
Mobility challenges

Iterative Qualitative Analysis

Prepare raw data
Primary code cycling
Create a codebook
Secondary code cycling
Revisit literature
Create relationships

Descriptive Tactics

Counting
Integrating
Comparing

Explanatory Tactics

Analyzing
Factoring
Revisit literature
Create relationships

Ethical Takeaways

Do no harm
Privacy & anonymity
Confidentiality
Informed consent
Rapport & friendship
Intrusiveness
Inappropriate behavior
Data integration
Data ownership

Results

Thematic
Comparison
Narrative

Ethics Takeaways

Treat informants with respect and dignity
Keep things professional, be aware of boundaries
Obtain, interpret, and share your data in a transparent manner

Trustworthiness

Judged in terms of:
- Transferability
- Credibility
- Dependability
- Confirmability

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of qualitative research, including its characteristics, steps, and roles. It also touches on inductive and deductive approaches and research access.