Qualitative Research Methodology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of grounded theory in qualitative research?

  • To analyze existing data
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of a program
  • To test a pre-existing theory
  • To generate or discover a new theory (correct)

Overcoming common problems in interviewing involves allowing the interviewee to dominate the conversation.

False (B)

What are the three kinds of qualitative research?

Case studies, Ethnography, Grounded theory

In qualitative research, data collection and data analysis are often ______________________.

<p>iterative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of sampling with their descriptions:

<p>Convenience = Sampling from a convenient location or population Snowballing = Sampling through referrals from existing participants Typical = Sampling a typical or average case Theoretical = Sampling based on theoretical concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of literature review in qualitative research?

<p>To understand the research topic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, trustworthiness is judged in terms of credibility and dependability only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between inductive and deductive research approaches?

<p>Inductive approach starts with observations and leads to a theory, while deductive approach starts with a theory and leads to observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of qualitative research?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conducting research is the same as having knowledge about research.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of grounded theory in qualitative research?

<p>To generate or discover a theory that can be used for a framework for further research</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research design consists of _________________.

<p>goals, conceptual framework, research question, methods, validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of qualitative research with their descriptions:

<p>Case studies = In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases Ethnography = Study of cultures and societies Grounded theory = Generation or discovery of a theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for online observations?

<p>Non-verbal cues are harder to spot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, observations are always definitive.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of informed consent in qualitative research?

<p>Respect and dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trustworthiness in qualitative research is judged in terms of _________________.

<p>transferability, credibility, dependability, confirmability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of sampling in qualitative research?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of qualitative research?

<p>Specific, Empirical, Critical, and Iterative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six steps of qualitative research?

<p>Topic research and research question, Literature review, Research design, Data collection, Data analysis, and Reporting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of access in qualitative research?

<p>Establish trust and consider their point of view</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of case studies in qualitative research?

<p>Explanatory, Revelatory, Multiple, and Intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of probing in qualitative interviews?

<p>To gather more information and clarify responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the dimensions of observation in qualitative research?

<p>Physical, Social, Activity, and Communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the challenges of online observations in qualitative research?

<p>Non-verbal cues are harder to spot, Context collapse, and Mobility challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential skills required for good observations in qualitative research?

<p>Skills, Training, and Good preparations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the ethical takeaways in qualitative research?

<p>Do no harm, Privacy &amp; anonymity, Confidentiality, Informed consent, and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is trustworthiness judged in qualitative research?

<p>In terms of Transferability, Credibility, Dependability, and Confirmability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Qualitative Research Characteristics

  • Specific
  • Empirical
  • Critical
  • Iterative

6 Steps of Qualitative Research

  • Topic research and research question
  • Literature review
  • Research design
  • Data collection
  • Data analysis
  • Reporting

Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Inductive

  • Observations
  • Patterns
  • Tentative hypothesis
  • Theory

Deductive

  • Theory
  • Hypothesis
  • Observations
  • Confirmation

Research Roles

  • Peripheral
  • Active
  • Complete member

Access in Research

  • Increases over time
  • Establish trust
  • Different levels of access are good
  • Consider their point of view

Conducting Research vs. Having Knowledge

  • Creating
  • Evaluating
  • Analyzing
  • Applying
  • Understanding
  • Remembering

Types of Case Studies

  • Explanatory
  • Revelatory
  • Multiple
  • Intrinsic

Grounded Theory

  • Aim to generate or discover a theory for a framework for further research

Types of Qualitative Research

  • Case studies
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory

Research Design

  • Goals
  • Conceptual framework
  • Research question
  • Methods
  • Validity

Sampling Methods

  • Convenience
  • Snowballing
  • Typical
  • Extreme
  • Theoretical
  • Purposeful

Structure of Interview Questions

  • Orientating
  • Initial
  • Deeper
  • Wrap up

Probing Techniques

  • Detail-oriented
  • Elaborating
  • Clarification
  • Comparing
  • Silent
  • Echo

Overcoming Common Problems

  • Over talkative
  • Redirect
  • Reduce affirmative signals
  • Shy
  • Increase affirmative signals
  • Confirm
  • Probing
  • Skeptical
  • Good intro
  • Confirm
  • Think of deleting questions

Observations

  • As good as your preparation
  • Additional, not definitive

Good Observations Require

  • Skills
  • Training
  • Good preparation

Observation Dimensions

  • Physical
  • Social
  • Activity
  • Communication

Online Observations

  • Non-verbal cues are harder to spot
  • Context collapse
  • Mobility challenges

Iterative Qualitative Analysis

  • Prepare raw data
  • Primary code cycling
  • Create a codebook
  • Secondary code cycling
  • Revisit literature
  • Create relationships

Descriptive Tactics

  • Counting
  • Integrating
  • Comparing

Explanatory Tactics

  • Analyzing
  • Factoring
  • Revisit literature
  • Create relationships

Ethical Takeaways

  • Do no harm
  • Privacy & anonymity
  • Confidentiality
  • Informed consent
  • Rapport & friendship
  • Intrusiveness
  • Inappropriate behavior
  • Data integration
  • Data ownership

Results

  • Thematic
  • Comparison
  • Narrative

Ethics Takeaways

  • Treat informants with respect and dignity
  • Keep things professional, be aware of boundaries
  • Obtain, interpret, and share your data in a transparent manner

Trustworthiness

  • Judged in terms of:
    • Transferability
    • Credibility
    • Dependability
    • Confirmability

Qualitative Research Characteristics

  • Specific
  • Empirical
  • Critical
  • Iterative

6 Steps of Qualitative Research

  • Topic research and research question
  • Literature review
  • Research design
  • Data collection
  • Data analysis
  • Reporting

Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Inductive

  • Observations
  • Patterns
  • Tentative hypothesis
  • Theory

Deductive

  • Theory
  • Hypothesis
  • Observations
  • Confirmation

Research Roles

  • Peripheral
  • Active
  • Complete member

Access in Research

  • Increases over time
  • Establish trust
  • Different levels of access are good
  • Consider their point of view

Conducting Research vs. Having Knowledge

  • Creating
  • Evaluating
  • Analyzing
  • Applying
  • Understanding
  • Remembering

Types of Case Studies

  • Explanatory
  • Revelatory
  • Multiple
  • Intrinsic

Grounded Theory

  • Aim to generate or discover a theory for a framework for further research

Types of Qualitative Research

  • Case studies
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory

Research Design

  • Goals
  • Conceptual framework
  • Research question
  • Methods
  • Validity

Sampling Methods

  • Convenience
  • Snowballing
  • Typical
  • Extreme
  • Theoretical
  • Purposeful

Structure of Interview Questions

  • Orientating
  • Initial
  • Deeper
  • Wrap up

Probing Techniques

  • Detail-oriented
  • Elaborating
  • Clarification
  • Comparing
  • Silent
  • Echo

Overcoming Common Problems

  • Over talkative
  • Redirect
  • Reduce affirmative signals
  • Shy
  • Increase affirmative signals
  • Confirm
  • Probing
  • Skeptical
  • Good intro
  • Confirm
  • Think of deleting questions

Observations

  • As good as your preparation
  • Additional, not definitive

Good Observations Require

  • Skills
  • Training
  • Good preparation

Observation Dimensions

  • Physical
  • Social
  • Activity
  • Communication

Online Observations

  • Non-verbal cues are harder to spot
  • Context collapse
  • Mobility challenges

Iterative Qualitative Analysis

  • Prepare raw data
  • Primary code cycling
  • Create a codebook
  • Secondary code cycling
  • Revisit literature
  • Create relationships

Descriptive Tactics

  • Counting
  • Integrating
  • Comparing

Explanatory Tactics

  • Analyzing
  • Factoring
  • Revisit literature
  • Create relationships

Ethical Takeaways

  • Do no harm
  • Privacy & anonymity
  • Confidentiality
  • Informed consent
  • Rapport & friendship
  • Intrusiveness
  • Inappropriate behavior
  • Data integration
  • Data ownership

Results

  • Thematic
  • Comparison
  • Narrative

Ethics Takeaways

  • Treat informants with respect and dignity
  • Keep things professional, be aware of boundaries
  • Obtain, interpret, and share your data in a transparent manner

Trustworthiness

  • Judged in terms of:
    • Transferability
    • Credibility
    • Dependability
    • Confirmability

Qualitative Research Characteristics

  • Specific
  • Empirical
  • Critical
  • Iterative

6 Steps of Qualitative Research

  • Topic research and research question
  • Literature review
  • Research design
  • Data collection
  • Data analysis
  • Reporting

Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Inductive

  • Observations
  • Patterns
  • Tentative hypothesis
  • Theory

Deductive

  • Theory
  • Hypothesis
  • Observations
  • Confirmation

Research Roles

  • Peripheral
  • Active
  • Complete member

Access in Research

  • Increases over time
  • Establish trust
  • Different levels of access are good
  • Consider their point of view

Conducting Research vs. Having Knowledge

  • Creating
  • Evaluating
  • Analyzing
  • Applying
  • Understanding
  • Remembering

Types of Case Studies

  • Explanatory
  • Revelatory
  • Multiple
  • Intrinsic

Grounded Theory

  • Aim to generate or discover a theory for a framework for further research

Types of Qualitative Research

  • Case studies
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory

Research Design

  • Goals
  • Conceptual framework
  • Research question
  • Methods
  • Validity

Sampling Methods

  • Convenience
  • Snowballing
  • Typical
  • Extreme
  • Theoretical
  • Purposeful

Structure of Interview Questions

  • Orientating
  • Initial
  • Deeper
  • Wrap up

Probing Techniques

  • Detail-oriented
  • Elaborating
  • Clarification
  • Comparing
  • Silent
  • Echo

Overcoming Common Problems

  • Over talkative
  • Redirect
  • Reduce affirmative signals
  • Shy
  • Increase affirmative signals
  • Confirm
  • Probing
  • Skeptical
  • Good intro
  • Confirm
  • Think of deleting questions

Observations

  • As good as your preparation
  • Additional, not definitive

Good Observations Require

  • Skills
  • Training
  • Good preparation

Observation Dimensions

  • Physical
  • Social
  • Activity
  • Communication

Online Observations

  • Non-verbal cues are harder to spot
  • Context collapse
  • Mobility challenges

Iterative Qualitative Analysis

  • Prepare raw data
  • Primary code cycling
  • Create a codebook
  • Secondary code cycling
  • Revisit literature
  • Create relationships

Descriptive Tactics

  • Counting
  • Integrating
  • Comparing

Explanatory Tactics

  • Analyzing
  • Factoring
  • Revisit literature
  • Create relationships

Ethical Takeaways

  • Do no harm
  • Privacy & anonymity
  • Confidentiality
  • Informed consent
  • Rapport & friendship
  • Intrusiveness
  • Inappropriate behavior
  • Data integration
  • Data ownership

Results

  • Thematic
  • Comparison
  • Narrative

Ethics Takeaways

  • Treat informants with respect and dignity
  • Keep things professional, be aware of boundaries
  • Obtain, interpret, and share your data in a transparent manner

Trustworthiness

  • Judged in terms of:
    • Transferability
    • Credibility
    • Dependability
    • Confirmability

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of qualitative research, including its characteristics, steps, and roles. It also touches on inductive and deductive approaches and research access.

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