Research methods 3

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Questions and Answers

What type of data is commonly used in qualitative research?

Graphical data

Text data (correct)

Statistical data

Numerical data

Which method is NOT used in qualitative data analysis?

Thematic analysis

Finding meaningful themes

Identifying patterns in the data

Estimating frequencies and proportions (correct)

In which field is qualitative research commonly applied?

Mathematics

Physics

Chemistry

Social sciences (correct)

What is a key advantage of using qualitative research methods?

Allows deeper understanding of issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for collecting data until no new information or themes are obtained in qualitative research?

Data saturation Signup and view all the answers

What type of approach is qualitative research?

Inductive and interpretive Signup and view all the answers

Which data collection technique in pharmacy involves a group of 6-8 people with a common interest or characteristic and a moderator who leads the discussion?

Focus groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of one-on-one interviews in healthcare settings?

To gather data about beliefs, attitudes, and experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interview allows for deep exploration of complex issues but is more time-consuming and difficult to analyze?

Unstructured interviews Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of focus groups for researchers?

Facilitate conversation and idea sharing Signup and view all the answers

What are the general procedures for focus groups?

"Obtaining consent to interview and record, setting ground rules, introducing study aims and objectives" Signup and view all the answers

What are used to recruit participants and obtain consent in focus groups?

"Topic guides" Signup and view all the answers

"Incentives" may be provided to participants to encourage their participation in focus groups. What is the purpose of these incentives?

"To compensate for the time spent" Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using focus groups for data collection?

Facilitating can be difficult Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of qualitative research related to sample size?

Small sample size compared to quantitative studies Signup and view all the answers

How is validity of qualitative research achieved?

By involving multiple researchers in the analysis process Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor to consider in qualitative research related to researchers' role and values?

Researchers should acknowledge their role, positions, and values Signup and view all the answers

Which method provides a systematic approach to identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns within qualitative data?

Thematic analysis Signup and view all the answers

How are themes and codes typically presented when reporting qualitative data?

Using quotations when reporting results Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of using a framework approach for data analysis in qualitative research?

It overlooks nuances in the data Signup and view all the answers

What must be obtained from interviewees before conducting interviews in qualitative research?

'Informed consent' before the interview Signup and view all the answers

What aspect should researchers acknowledge in qualitative research to reduce bias?

'Informed' decisions about methods and participants Signup and view all the answers

'Top-down' approach using a theoretical framework or literature findings is associated with which method of data analysis in qualitative research?

'Bottom-up' approach using inductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

'Inter-coder reliability' is related to enhancing which aspect of qualitative research?

'Validity' by ensuring agreement on emerging themes Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Hawthorne effect' or 'reflexivity' refer to in qualitative research?

The effect of personal experience on the data collection process Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Concurrent data analysis and data collection in qualitative research involve collecting data until no new information or themes are obtained, known as data saturation.
Qualitative research is an inductive and interpretive approach that helps researchers develop hypotheses, models, or theories. The researcher's perspective and participants' subjective experiences are taken into consideration.
Qualitative research in pharmacy includes various data collection techniques such as one-on-one interviews, key informant interviews, focus groups, and ethnographic research.
One-on-one interviews are conducted with interviewees, can be structured or unstructured, and are commonly used in healthcare settings to gather data about beliefs, attitudes, and experiences.
Structured interviews include a standardized format with specific questions asked to each participant, while unstructured interviews allow for deep exploration of complex issues but are more time-consuming and difficult to analyze.
Focus groups consist of 6-8 people with a common interest or characteristic and a moderator who leads the discussion. They help researchers gain insights into a subject, and their discussions are usually recorded and transcribed or summarized into notes.
Focus groups are beneficial for researchers as they help dive deeply into a subject, allow for group dynamics to facilitate conversation and idea sharing, and provide a cost-effective and reliable way to gather data quickly from a homogeneous or heterogeneous group of participants.
General procedures for focus groups include obtaining consent to interview and record, setting ground rules, introducing study aims and objectives, and transcribing or taking notes.
Topic guides are used to recruit participants and obtain consent, and incentives may be provided to participants to encourage their participation.

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Description

Test your knowledge of common approaches to qualitative research such as interviews, focus groups, and thematic analysis. Understand how qualitative data are commonly analyzed to find meaningful themes or patterns in the data.