Qualitative Research Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary aim of qualitative research?

  • To test existing theories
  • To generate large amounts of numerical data
  • To create new theories from gathered data (correct)
  • To evaluate statistical significance

Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

  • Gathers data mainly from natural settings (correct)
  • Tests hypotheses for validation
  • Focuses solely on measurable variables
  • Uses numbers for analysis

Which type of qualitative research focuses on individuals' lived experiences?

  • Narrative
  • Phenomenological (correct)
  • Ethnography
  • Case Study

What type of data does qualitative research primarily use?

<p>Pictures, words, and narratives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research in its approach?

<p>Qualitative research is primarily subjective and exploratory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strength of qualitative research compared to quantitative research?

<p>Ability to discover subtleties and complexities of subjects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about qualitative research?

<p>It produces generalizable results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of qualitative research?

<p>Findings can often be generalized to a larger population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a quantitative research type?

<p>Causal-comparative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential weakness of qualitative research design?

<p>It may lack objectivity and can be biased (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes quantitative research?

<p>It aims to confirm existing theories through measurement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which qualitative research type primarily involves in-depth, open-ended questioning?

<p>Narrative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, how is data typically represented?

<p>Using detailed descriptions and stories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can significantly affect the validity of qualitative research findings?

<p>Researcher biases and personal influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is typically characterized by the collection of statistical data to identify relationships?

<p>Correlational Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a common misconception about qualitative research?

<p>Qualitative research findings are universal and applicable to all groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling is primarily used in qualitative research?

<p>Purposive sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes quantitative research?

<p>Requires large sample sizes to achieve representativeness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, which of the following methods is commonly used?

<p>Field research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of quantitative research questions?

<p>They should have a limited number of options (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sample size requirements in qualitative research?

<p>They are small due to the focus on detailed understanding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement distinguishes qualitative research from quantitative research?

<p>Qualitative research uses standardized tools while quantitative does not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of questions are characteristic of quantitative research?

<p>Closed-ended with predetermined options (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes grounded theory in qualitative research?

<p>Development of new theory through systematic data collection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of using large sample sizes in quantitative research?

<p>To achieve statistical representativeness and generalizability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of phenomenological research?

<p>Lived Experiences of Immigrant Parents in Adapting to a New Educational System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of narrative research?

<p>To present a factual depiction of past events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which qualitative research type focuses on understanding human consciousness?

<p>Phenomenological Research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does grounded theory involve during its execution?

<p>Systematic data collection and analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates narrative research?

<p>Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper Solid Waste Management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of qualitative research aims to develop new theories during data collection?

<p>Grounded Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of both phenomenological and narrative research types?

<p>They prioritize qualitative experiences and personal stories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does qualitative research predominantly use?

<p>Inductive reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding quantitative research?

<p>It often employs deductive reasoning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does qualitative data analysis differ from quantitative data analysis?

<p>Qualitative analysis is influenced by personal views. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of inductive reasoning in research?

<p>It gathers observations before forming a hypothesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome expectations of quantitative research?

<p>Objective conclusions supported by data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In research discussions, which method starts from the overall mean and moves to the details?

<p>Deductive approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is primarily associated with qualitative research methods?

<p>Development of thematic and subjective interpretations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning does quantitative research primarily rely upon?

<p>Deductive reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a research design?

<p>To organize research components in an orderly manner. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of case study research?

<p>Understanding the Coping Strategies of Senior High School Students. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes historical research?

<p>Examination of past events to draw conclusions for the future. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnographic research primarily focuses on what aspect?

<p>Culture and phenomenological reality of individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research uses interviews and observations as key methods?

<p>Ethnographic Research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a case study?

<p>Long-term study of a phenomenon, group, or situation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ethnographic research typically emphasize?

<p>Cultural context and individual behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is NOT an example of qualitative research?

<p>Examining statistical trends over a period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Grounded Theory

This research aims to uncover a new theory by analyzing collected data. It involves discovering, developing, and verifying a theory through systematic data collection and analysis.

Phenomenological Research

This research focuses on personal experiences of individuals and aims to understand the nature of human consciousness.

Narrative Research

This research presents a chronological account of events using a logical progression of information. Its primary goal is to provide a factual depiction of what happened.

Qualitative Research

A research approach that explores and interprets human experiences, behaviors, and perspectives using non-numerical data.

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Quantitative Research

A research approach that uses structured data and numerical methods to test hypotheses and draw objective conclusions.

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Goal of Qualitative Research

Qualitative research aims to build new theories from collected data.

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Goal of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research aims to verify or disprove an existing hypothesis or theory.

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Data Collection Setting of Qualitative Research

Qualitative research focuses on gathering data from natural settings, like real-life situations and environments.

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Data Collection Setting of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research focuses on controlled settings, using standardized measures and experimental designs.

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Data Description in Qualitative Research

Qualitative research describes data using stories, words, visuals, and narratives.

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Data Description in Quantitative Research

Quantitative research describes data using numbers, scales, statistics, and calculations.

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Inductive Research

A research approach that starts with observations and moves towards creating a general theory or conclusion.

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Deductive Research

A research approach that starts with a theory or hypothesis and tests it against observations.

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Combined Research Methods

A research approach that uses both inductive and deductive reasoning to analyze data.

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Subjective Data Analysis (Qualitative)

Data analysis in qualitative research is influenced by the researcher's personal experiences and perspectives.

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Objective Data Analysis (Quantitative)

Data analysis in quantitative research follows standard criteria and methods.

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Understanding (Qualitative)

Qualitative research aims to develop a deep understanding of a topic or phenomenon.

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Ethnography

A type of qualitative research that focuses on understanding the cultural practices and beliefs of a specific group.

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Descriptive Research

A type of quantitative research that aims to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon.

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Correlational Research

A type of quantitative research that explores the relationships between variables.

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Depth and Detail

A strength of qualitative research where it allows for in-depth exploration and understanding of complex issues.

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Limited Generalizability

A limitation of qualitative research where the findings might not be applicable to other contexts or populations.

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Historical Research

A research method that involves studying past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future.

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Ethnographic Research

A type of research that focuses on understanding the lived experiences, behavior, and cultural context of individuals in their natural settings.

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Case Study

A research method that involves a long-term, in-depth study of a person, group, organization, or situation to investigate a specific phenomenon.

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Research Design

A structured framework that organizes and guides the research process, ensuring the study effectively addresses the research topic and problem.

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Ethnographic Research Methods

A research method that involves collecting data through observations, interviews, and document analysis to understand the phenomenon under study.

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Case Study Research

A long-term study that investigates a specific phenomenon through detailed observations, interviews, and document analysis.

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Historical Research Methods

An approach that involves exploring past events to understand their impact and influence on the present and future.

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Small Sample Size (Qualitative)

In qualitative research, samples are often small and carefully selected to provide detailed insights and understanding of specific phenomena.

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Large Sample Size (Quantitative)

In quantitative research, large samples are needed to represent the broader population and ensure the results can be generalized.

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Non-Probability Sampling (Qualitative)

Qualitative research often uses non-probability sampling methods like purposive or convenience sampling, where participants are deliberately chosen for their unique perspectives.

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Probability Sampling (Quantitative)

Quantitative research typically uses probability sampling methods like random sampling, to ensure each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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Unstructured/Semi-Structured Data (Qualitative)

Qualitative research uses unstructured or semi-structured approaches with open-ended questions to gather rich, detailed information.

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Standardized/Structured Data (Quantitative)

Quantitative research uses standardized or structured approaches with closed-ended questions and multiple-choice options, allowing for numerical analysis.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Learners will differentiate between quantitative and qualitative research.
  • Learners will describe the characteristics of qualitative research.
  • Learners will explain the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research design.

What is Qualitative Research?

  • Qualitative research is a subjective approach focused on understanding human behavior and the reasons behind it.
  • It seeks to understand complex phenomena and individual differences in feelings and experiences.
  • Unlike quantitative research, it does not aim to test hypotheses or theories; it aims to generate new theory.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

  • Objective: Qualitative research aims to understand individual differences in terms of feelings and experiences through fact-finding research. Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses or theories by precisely measuring and analyzing target concepts to answer questions.

  • Data Description: Qualitative research uses narratives (pictures, words, sentences, paragraphs, short stories, etc.) to depict a phenomenon. Quantitative research uses numerically-based data (numbers, scales, hypotheses, calculations, and statistics) for describing phenomena.

  • Data Gathering: Qualitative methods for data gathering are typically unstructured interviews, participant observations, group discussions, open-ended questions, and free-form responses to survey questions. Quantitative data gathering uses standardized data collection methods, including censuses, surveys, questionnaires, checklists, experiments, and closed-ended questions.

  • Sample Size: Qualitative research often utilizes small sample sizes (judgement sampling) focused on in-depth analysis of experiences. Quantitative research employs large sample sizes that are representative of the population (large sample, random, stratified, systematic sampling).

  • Activities: Qualitative research is inductive, starting with observations and drawing general conclusions. Quantitative research is deductive, starting with hypotheses/theories that are then tested against observations.

  • Data Presentation: Qualitative research presents data through opinions, interpretations, and experiences, without standardized criteria. Qualitative research presents data using recognized principles, rules, or established laws to support claims.

Data Analysis

  • Qualitative Analysis: Research synthesizes, interprets, and categorizes data, often drawing conclusions through the use of thematic analysis. It is subjective and takes into account personal experiences in the analysis.

  • Quantitative Analysis: Research employs statistical methods (Objective, Statistical) to analyze data according to standard criteria, with results having high replicability.

Types of Qualitative Research

  • Case Study: A long-term study of a person, group, organization, or situation to investigate current phenomena.
  • Historical Research: An examination of past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future.
  • Ethnographic Research: A study of individuals' behavior, experiences, and contexts, often in natural settings. Uses interviews, observations, and document analysis. Mostly focused on cultural context.
  • Grounded Theory: Research discovers, develops, and provisionally verifies a theory related to a phenomenon through systematic data collection and analysis.
  • Phenomenological Research: Aims to understand the nature of lived experience (personal experiences) of a phenomenon through a direct study of participants' perspectives.
  • Narrative Research: Presents a logical progression of events that have occurred in the past to provide a factual depiction for a particular phenomenon.

Strengths of Qualitative Research

  • Issues can be examined in detail and in depth.
  • Research framework and direction can be quickly revised.
  • Data based on human experience is compelling and powerful.
  • Subjective complexities and subtleties are easier to discover, with richer data.
  • Findings are transferable to similar settings, but don't typically generalize to wider populations.

Limitations of Qualitative Research

  • Research quality is highly dependent on researcher skills and individual biases.
  • Rigor is difficult to establish, assess, and demonstrate.
  • It is not as easily understood or accepted within the scientific community as quantitative research.
  • Researcher presence can affect subject responses.
  • Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can pose problems when presenting and validating findings.
  • Characterizing findings visually can be challenging.

Research Design

  • Research design organizes research components to coherently address the research topic and problem in order. It serves as a template for data collection, measurement, and analysis.

Examples

  • The presenter lists several examples for each of the qualitative research types. For example, teenage pregnancy, understanding coping strategies of students with academic stress, the impact of Ferdinand Marcos's speech, cultural awareness and the integration of peace education in Indigenous Communities, understanding the migratory adaptations of squatter families, etc., among various other scenarios.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of qualitative research, including its characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses compared to quantitative research. This quiz will help you differentiate between the two methodologies and understand their applications in real-world scenarios.

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