Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood ch 10

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a common fear that emerges in children aged 11-13?

Fear of the dark

Fear of particular aspects of school (correct)

Fear of supernatural beings

Fear of separation from home

Which factor is essential for resilience in children according to the provided content?

High academic achievement

Warm parental relationship (correct)

Having supportive peers

Access to quality child care

What is one consequence of child sexual abuse mentioned in the content?

Increased physical activity

Changes in emotional reactions (correct)

Improved family dynamics

Higher academic performance

How do girls and stepmothers typically adjust in relationships over time?

They're initially slow to get along but improve later. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a support for working parents mentioned in the content?

Involvement of the child with peers Signup and view all the answers

What is a key psychological outcome associated with Erikson's theory during middle childhood?

Pessimism and lack of confidence Signup and view all the answers

How does middle childhood self-concept evolve according to the content provided?

It becomes more balanced and includes social comparisons. Signup and view all the answers

What role do family environments play in a child's development according to Erikson's theory?

They can contribute to negative feelings of inferiority. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is recognized as influencing a child's self-esteem during middle childhood?

Child-rearing practices and culture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attributions fosters a sense of mastery in children?

Controllable factors through effort Signup and view all the answers

What emotional development is primarily seen in children during middle childhood?

Self-conscious emotions and emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy focuses on addressing the problem directly?

Problem-centered coping Signup and view all the answers

How do attributions of learned helplessness manifest in children?

They think their failures are due to external factors and beyond their control. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is typically associated with bullies?

High-status and powerful Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is likely to affect children's adjustment in relation to gender identity?

Gender contentedness Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue faced by only children?

Peer acceptance may be a problem Signup and view all the answers

What is a common immediate consequence of parental divorce?

Parental stress and instability Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT associated with helping families through divorce?

Increased parental conflict Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is likely found in victims of bullying?

Lack of defenders Signup and view all the answers

What role do siblings typically play in family dynamics?

Sources of companionship and assistance Signup and view all the answers

At what age does strict equality in the development of distributive justice typically emerge?

5 to 6 years Signup and view all the answers

How does age, sex, and temperament influence children after parental divorce?

Boys and those with difficult temperaments are more likely to have problems Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is characterized by self-reflective perspective taking according to Selman's Stages of Perspective Taking?

Level 2 Signup and view all the answers

What concept is emphasized in understanding individual rights as children grow older?

Limits on individual choices Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children typically move towards understanding merit in distributive justice?

Merit Signup and view all the answers

What do peer groups in childhood commonly form from?

Proximity and similarity Signup and view all the answers

Which level of Selman's perspective taking allows for viewing a situation from a third-party perspective?

Level 3 Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically view authority in their personal domain as they develop?

Challenges can be justified Signup and view all the answers

What is a key change in children's moral views as they develop?

Flexibility in moral rules Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

This chapter describes psychological and social needs and behaviours of children in middle childhood.
Social development will be explored, including Eric Erikson's theory, its concepts, issues, and research findings.
Erikson's theory of Industry vs Inferiority focuses on children developing a sense of competence through useful skills.
School plays a significant role in fostering this sense of competence.
Inferiority can result from pessimism and a lack of confidence in one's ability to succeed.
Family, teachers, and peers can affect a child's feelings of inferiority.

Changes in Self-Concept During Middle Childhood

Children's self-concept becomes more balanced, shifting away from all-or-nothing descriptions.
Social comparisons influence self-perception.
Children develop a distinction between their ideal and real selves.
Reference to social groups shapes self-concept.
Cultural variations also impact children's self-image.

Influences on Self-Esteem

Culture and child-rearing practices significantly influence self-esteem.
Attributions, whether mastery-oriented or learned helplessness, also play a role.
Mastery-oriented individuals attribute success to ability and effort.
Learned helplessness leads individuals to attribute failure to external factors rather than personal effort.

Mastery-oriented individuals attribute success to ability and effort, and failure to controllable factors that can be improved through hard work.
Individuals with learned helplessness attribute success to external factors and failure to inability that cannot be changed with effort.

Parental influences, teacher's feedback, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity can shape achievement attributions.

Emotional Development in Middle Childhood

Self-conscious emotions continue to develop.
Children improve their emotional understanding.
Children develop better emotional self-regulation.

Coping Strategies

Problem-centered coping involves identifying and altering problematic situations.
Emotion-centered coping aims at controlling distress when problem-centered coping is ineffective.

Selman's Stages of Perspective Taking

Selman's theory outlines stages of perspective taking, from undifferentiated to societal.
Each stage represents a different level of understanding others' perspectives.
Development progresses from egocentric views to considering multiple perspectives and societal implications. Ages are associated with each level.

Development of Distributive Justice

Children's understanding of fairness, or distributive justice, develops in stages.
Strict equality, merit, and equity and benevolence are stages of understanding fairness. These stages have ages associated.

Changes in Moral Views

Children's moral rules become more flexible.
Children understand the connection between moral imperatives and social conventions.

Understanding Individual Rights

Children begin to challenge adult authority in areas of personal choice.
Children view denials of personal choices as unjust.
Decisions often favor fairness and kindness.

Understanding Inequality

By school age, children's understanding of power and privilege become evident in how they correlate these factors with various groups.
Over time, prejudice decreases as they develop a clearer understanding of individual differences.

Peer Groups

Peer groups form based on proximity and shared characteristics.
Shared behaviours, vocabulary, dress code, and social dynamics (including relational aggression) define peer culture.

Friendship in Middle Childhood

Personal qualities and trust become important factors in choosing friends in middle childhood.
Friendships become more selective, and can last for several years.
Friendships significantly influence development.

Bullies and Victims

Bullies tend to be male and have high social status, physically or relationally aggressive.
Victims are commonly passive, give in to demands, lack defenders, have inhibited temperaments, and can be physically frail and overly protected.

Gender Typing in Middle Childhood

Children develop gender stereotypes.
Gender identity evolves, usually by the 3rd/4th grade.
Cultural and social factors strongly influence gender roles.

Gender Identity

Self-evaluations impact how children navigate and adjust to gender roles.
Children develop gender typicality with varying levels of contentedness.
Children often face pressure to conform to gender roles.

Family Relationships

Parental relationships involve coregulation and support
Sibling relationships can be characterized by rivalry and companionship as well as assistance.

Only Children

Only children may have high self-esteem, strong achievement motivation, and close bonds with parents.
Peer acceptance can sometimes be a challenge.
Practice in conflict resolution might be lacking.

Consequences of Parental Divorce

Immediate consequences of divorce include stress, instability, and conflict, leading to a temporary drop in family income.
The impact of divorce varies by age, sex, and temperament.
Improved adaptation often occurs two years after the divorce.
Boys and children with difficult temperaments may still face difficulties.

Helping Families Through Divorce

Divorce mediation, joint custody, and child support can play crucial roles in helping families navigate this challenging period.

Blended Families

In mother-stepfather blended families, older children and adolescents of both sexes might demonstrate more adjustment problems.
Boys might adjust more quickly than girls in blended families involving a father-stepmother.

Maternal Employment and Child Development

Maternal employment can lead to positive effects within family finances.
Drawbacks include less time spent with children. The effects also depend on numerous factors.

Support for Working Parents

Flexible work schedules, job-sharing, sick leave, involvement of the other parent, equal pay/opportunities and quality childcare are vital for supporting working parents.

Fears and Anxieties in Middle Childhood

Some fears, like dark, thunder, lightning and supernatural beings, persist through middle childhood.
Children develop new fears based on the expanding world.
School phobia, particularly separation from home, can emerge in middle childhood.

Child Sexual Abuse

Child sexual abuse is a significant concern in middle childhood.
Victims are more often female.
Abuse frequently occurs in early middle childhood.
Abusers are often parents or known by parents.
Impacts of child sexual abuse have negative effects emotionally, physically on behavior and long-term challenges.

Personal characteristics, warmth in parental relationships, supportive adults outside the family and community resources contribute to resilience.

Summary

Students can now describe and understand psychological and social needs and behaviors in middle childhood children.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.