human phys test b4

The pressure exerted by blood within a capillary, essentially the capillary blood pressure.

The pressure exerted by fluid outside of a capillary.

The pressure created by proteins in the blood, drawing fluid back into the capillaries.

The difference between the pressures pushing fluid out (filtration) and pulling fluid in (absorption) across a capillary.

When filtration pressure is greater than absorption pressure, causing fluid to move out of the capillary.

When absorption pressure is greater than filtration pressure, causing fluid to move into the capillary.

Small blood vessels that receive blood from capillaries and connect to veins. They have thin walls and lack smooth muscle.

Large blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls and lower pressure than arteries.

The process of red blood cell (erythrocyte) formation, starting from a stem cell and ending with a mature erythrocyte.

A pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow that can differentiate into various blood cell types, including erythrocytes.

An early stage of erythrocyte development, derived from myeloid stem cells.

A developing red blood cell, characterized by rapid ribosome production and hemoglobin synthesis.

A stage in erythrocyte development where the cell loses organelles and assumes its biconcave shape.

A young red blood cell that enters the bloodstream and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that regulates the production of red blood cells.

A state of oxygen deficiency in the body's tissues.

The volume of blood moving through a vessel per unit time. It's influenced by pressure and resistance.

The difference in pressure between two points in a blood vessel. This difference drives blood flow.

Factors that oppose blood flow, like vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length.

Increased resistance reduces blood flow, while decreased resistance increases blood flow.

The average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle. It's roughly 85mmHg.

The pressure in the large veins returning to the heart. It's very low, around 2-8mmHg.

By pumping blood into arteries, the heart generates a pressure gradient between arteries and veins. This pushes blood forward.

The difference between Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Central Venous Pressure (CVP) drives blood flow through the systemic circulation. Since CVP is low, MAP is the major driving force.

The process of creating agranulocytes, a type of white blood cell that lacks granules in its cytoplasm. This process starts from a hemocytoblast and involves stages like monoblast and lymphoblast, ultimately leading to monocytes and lymphocytes.

A type of stem cell in bone marrow that gives rise to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell crucial for the immune system's adaptive response.

A condition characterized by an abnormally low white blood cell count, often caused by medications like steroids or cancer treatments.

A group of cancers affecting leukocytes (white blood cells), characterized by uncontrolled leukocyte production and impaired bone marrow function.

A viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fatigue, aches, sore throat, and low-grade fever, featuring an excessive number of agranulocytes.

The process of creating platelets, cell fragments involved in blood clotting. It starts from a hemocytoblast and progresses through megakaryoblast and megakaryocyte stages before fragmenting into platelets.

A hormone that regulates platelet formation, ensuring an adequate number of platelets for blood clotting.

Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting by sticking to damaged blood vessels and forming a plug, preventing blood loss.

The site of gas exchange in the lungs, including bronchioles, alveoli, and alveolar ducts.

All airways leading to the respiratory zone, like the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. They transport air but don't exchange gases.

Goblet cells in the respiratory mucosa secrete mucus to trap dust and debris, helping to clean the air.

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, often caused by allergies or infections, leading to a stuffy nose.

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, often caused by infections, leading to pain and pressure around the nose.

Enlarged adenoids can block the nasopharynx, leading to difficulty breathing, snoring, and even ear infections.

The upper part of the pharynx, behind the nasal cavity, solely for air passage.

The throat, a funnel-shaped tube connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus.

The blood clotting process occurs in three distinct phases: 1) Formation of Prothrombin Activator, 2) Prothrombin Activator converts Prothrombin into Thrombin, and 3) Formation of the Fibrin mesh.

This pathway is activated immediately after an injury and is considered slow, involving many intermediate compounds. It uses elements within the blood to produce Prothrombin Activator.

This pathway is activated by tissue thromboplastin released from damaged cells. It's a faster process compared to the intrinsic pathway.

A crucial compound that converts the inactive protein Prothrombin into the active enzyme Thrombin, a key step in clot formation.

An active enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, forming the mesh-like structure of a blood clot.

Long, fibrous protein threads that form the mesh-like structure of a blood clot. It traps blood components, providing stability and aiding in wound healing.

A process that helps stabilize newly formed blood clots by tightening the fibrin mesh, pulling broken blood vessels together, and squeezing out serum.

The process of dissolving and removing unnecessary blood clots after healing is complete. It involves the enzyme Plasmin, which breaks down fibrin.