Lecturer 11: Reception of the origin of species
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Questions and Answers

What did the scientific debate about evolution lead to in 1870?

  • Introduction of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolution
  • Acceptance of evolution as a scientific fact (correct)
  • Continued controversy in the scientific community
  • Rejection of evolution as a scientific fact
  • What was the view of naturalists about species before the 5th edition of 'Origin of Species' was published?

  • They believed in the gradual evolution of the horse
  • They believed in common descent with modification
  • They believed species were immutable productions and had been separately created (correct)
  • They rejected the idea of natural selection
  • What was the main criticism of natural selection during Darwin's time?

  • It was based on Victorian social values applied to nature
  • It seemed too random and did not allow divine intervention (correct)
  • It did not reflect the influence of Grant Allen
  • It contradicted the theory of common descent with modification
  • What did the discovery of Neanderthal fossils reveal about their similarity to humans?

    <p>They had a very human-like skull but with different head and face shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the gradual evolution of the horse fossils show?

    <p>A series of fossils demonstrated the gradual change in the size and structure of the horse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the popular science writer Grant Allen criticize about natural selection?

    <p>He claimed it reflected Victorian social values and did not allow divine intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Darwin's theory of evolution lead to in 1870?

    <p>Acceptance as a scientific fact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the influence of Darwin's thought, according to his obituaries?

    <p>It revolutionized biology, all science, philosophy, and human life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the view of naturalists about species in the 3rd edition of 'Origin of Species'?

    <p>They believed species were immutable productions and had been separately created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a vigorous defender of Darwin's theory but not fully convinced?

    <p>Thomas Henry Huxley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist praised Darwin's idea and predicted it would become an established truth in science?

    <p>H.C Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who combined Darwin's theory with his religious beliefs, leading Darwin to cite him in the next edition of his book?

    <p>Charles Kingsley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who focused on the blending inheritance argument in a negative review of evolution, using a racist hypothetical story to make his point?

    <p>Fleeming Jenkin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the 1860 meeting that was pivotal in the reception of Darwin's theory take place?

    <p>Oxford University Museum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emerged through Henry Walter Bates' research on mimicry, leading to the development of Batesian Mimicry theory?

    <p>New evidence for Darwin's theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Batesian Mimicry explain?

    <p>How unrelated species of butterflies in the same area evolve to look like distasteful ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Louis Agassiz believe about Darwin's theory of evolution?

    <p>He considered it a scientific mistake, untrue in its facts, unscientific in its method, and mischievous in its tendency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reaction of the local newspaper to Darwin's book?

    <p>It hardly mentioned the book.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did people's reactions to Darwin's theory tend to correlate?

    <p>With their class, religion, education, and ideological tendencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Samuel Wilberforce's reaction to Darwin's theory?

    <p>He wrote a very negative review of the book.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did some objections to Darwin's theory stem from?

    <p>Religious views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles Lyell's student do regarding the evolution book?

    <p>Published the most important evolution book.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major objection of some people to Darwin's theory?

    <p>God makes species, not nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the first fossil feather in 1860, challenging Darwin's theory of evolution?

    <p>Paul Du Chaillu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fossil records show, contradicting Darwin's suggestion?

    <p>Chunkier rather than progressive change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emphasized divine intervention in the process of variation, supporting Darwin's theory?

    <p>Asa Gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who sought to preserve human uniqueness through anatomical differences, disagreeing with Darwin?

    <p>Richard Owen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who struggled to accept the theory of human descent from animals?

    <p>Charles Lyell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who presented a radical perspective on human evolution, emphasizing the similarity of primate skeletons?

    <p>T. H. Huxley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Despite controversies and challenges, whose theory of evolution found support and sparked debates in the 19th century?

    <p>Charles Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the first fossil feather in 1860?

    <p>Paul Du Chaillu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fossil records show, contradicting Darwin's suggestion?

    <p>Chunkier rather than progressive change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the transitional fossil Archaeopteryx?

    <p>Richard Owen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the claim that birds are descendants of dinosaurs?

    <p>Bipedal nature and shared scales with dinosaurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emphasized divine intervention in the process of variation while supporting Darwin's theory?

    <p>Asa Gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who sought to preserve human uniqueness through anatomical differences, leading to a debate with Huxley?

    <p>Richard Owen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose book 'Man's Place in Nature' presented a radical perspective on human evolution?

    <p>T. H. Huxley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Impact of Fossil Feathers and Evolutionary Theory in the 19th Century

    • In 1860, the first fossil feather was discovered, challenging Darwin's theory of evolution
    • Fossil records showed a "chunkier" rather than progressive change, contradicting Darwin's suggestion
    • Archaeopteryx, a transitional fossil, was discovered in 1861-1863, with features of both reptiles and birds
    • Birds are descendants of dinosaurs, as evidenced by their bipedal nature and shared scales with dinosaurs
    • Asa Gray, a friend of Darwin, supported his theory but emphasized divine intervention in the process of variation
    • Paul Du Chaillu's book on gorillas in 1861 led to implications about human evolution, but some of his stories were exaggerated
    • Richard Owen, a prominent anatomist, sought to preserve human uniqueness through anatomical differences
    • Owen's disagreement with Darwin led to the "Great Hippocampus Question" and a debate with Huxley
    • Charles Lyell, a friend of Darwin, struggled to accept the theory of human descent from animals
    • Lyell's book "Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man" explored the age of human beings on Earth
    • T. H. Huxley's book "Man's Place in Nature" presented a radical perspective on human evolution, emphasizing the similarity of primate skeletons
    • Despite controversies and challenges, Darwin's theory of evolution found support and sparked debates in the 19th century

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