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Questions and Answers
what happened during the Cretaceous period?
what happened during the Cretaceous period?
flowering plants (angiosperms) appeared
what happened during the triassic period
what happened during the triassic period
gymnosperms dominated the land, dinosaurs evolved and radiated, origin of mammals
what happened during the carboniferous period
what happened during the carboniferous period
extensive forests of vascular plant forms, first seed plants appeared, origin of reptiles, amphibians were dominant
what happened during the silurian period
what happened during the silurian period
what happened during the ordovician period
what happened during the ordovician period
what happened during the Cambrian period
what happened during the Cambrian period
what happened during the edicaran period
what happened during the edicaran period
in order, from Paleozoic to Mesozoic, what were all the new adaptations?include the eras
in order, from Paleozoic to Mesozoic, what were all the new adaptations?include the eras
Which of the following is true about the evolution of land plants?
Which of the following is true about the evolution of land plants?
What is the significance of angiosperms in terrestrial ecosystems, and how many species have they diversified into?
What is the significance of angiosperms in terrestrial ecosystems, and how many species have they diversified into?
For the first 3 billion years of Earth's history, the land was ______.
For the first 3 billion years of Earth's history, the land was ______.
Which of the following is true about the life cycle of an angiosperm?
Which of the following is true about the life cycle of an angiosperm?
For the first 3 billion years of Earth's history, the land was ______.
For the first 3 billion years of Earth's history, the land was ______.
The evolution of seed plants was aided by several adaptations, including the seed, gametophyte reduction, heterospory, ovules, and ______.
The evolution of seed plants was aided by several adaptations, including the seed, gametophyte reduction, heterospory, ovules, and ______.
Which type of plant was prevalent for the first 100 million years of terrestrial communities?
Which type of plant was prevalent for the first 100 million years of terrestrial communities?
Describe the historical uses of Sphagnum and explain its current applications in horticulture.
Describe the historical uses of Sphagnum and explain its current applications in horticulture.
What adaptations contributed to the success of seed plants?
What adaptations contributed to the success of seed plants?
What is a key trait that separates land plants from their algal relatives?
What is a key trait that separates land plants from their algal relatives?
What are the two main types of seed plants?
What are the two main types of seed plants?
What are the four key derived traits that separate land plants from their algal relatives?
What are the four key derived traits that separate land plants from their algal relatives?
Which type of plant lacks conducting tissues and is dominated by the gametophyte stage in its life cycle?
Which type of plant lacks conducting tissues and is dominated by the gametophyte stage in its life cycle?
What adaptations aided the evolution of seed plants?
What adaptations aided the evolution of seed plants?
what happened during the jurassic period?
what happened during the jurassic period?
What adaptation contributed to the success of seed plants?
What adaptation contributed to the success of seed plants?
What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?
What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?
Land plants evolved from ______ algae.
Land plants evolved from ______ algae.
What is the approximate number of plant species that exist today?
What is the approximate number of plant species that exist today?
[Blank] bear "naked" seeds on cones, while angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
[Blank] bear "naked" seeds on cones, while angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
What is the estimated amount of organic carbon stored as peat worldwide?
What is the estimated amount of organic carbon stored as peat worldwide?
What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?
What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?
What are some unique traits of land plants?
What are some unique traits of land plants?
How much organic carbon is stored as peat worldwide?
How much organic carbon is stored as peat worldwide?
What is a limitation for life on land?
What is a limitation for life on land?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes bryophytes from other plant groups?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes bryophytes from other plant groups?
How does the life cycle of an angiosperm begin and end?
How does the life cycle of an angiosperm begin and end?
Land plants evolved from ______ algae.
Land plants evolved from ______ algae.
How many species have angiosperms diversified into?
How many species have angiosperms diversified into?
What is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
What is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
How do bryophytes reproduce?
How do bryophytes reproduce?
What is the relationship between animals and angiosperms, and how does human welfare depend on seed plants?
What is the relationship between animals and angiosperms, and how does human welfare depend on seed plants?
Land plants possess a set of derived ______ adaptations.
Land plants possess a set of derived ______ adaptations.
What are the four stages of evolution of land plants?
What are the four stages of evolution of land plants?
What did land plants evolve from?
What did land plants evolve from?
Flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, carpals, and ______, with fruits developing from mature ovaries.
Flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, carpals, and ______, with fruits developing from mature ovaries.
What is the importance of angiosperms to human welfare?
What is the importance of angiosperms to human welfare?
What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?
What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?
How are the reduced gametophytes of seed plants protected?
How are the reduced gametophytes of seed plants protected?
Discuss the evolution of terrestrial vegetation from bryophytes to seedless vascular plants.
Discuss the evolution of terrestrial vegetation from bryophytes to seedless vascular plants.
What is the main reason why modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments?
What is the main reason why modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments?
Land plants possess a set of derived ______ adaptations.
Land plants possess a set of derived ______ adaptations.
What are the four stages of the evolution of land plants?
What are the four stages of the evolution of land plants?
Why is plant diversity not a renewable resource, and what is the consequence of destroying plant communities?
Why is plant diversity not a renewable resource, and what is the consequence of destroying plant communities?
What is the name of the structure that produces a single egg in bryophytes?
What is the name of the structure that produces a single egg in bryophytes?
Fruits protect dormant seeds and aid in their ______, with some fruits adapted for wind or water dispersal and others relying on animals to eat the fruit and deposit the seeds elsewhere.
Fruits protect dormant seeds and aid in their ______, with some fruits adapted for wind or water dispersal and others relying on animals to eat the fruit and deposit the seeds elsewhere.
What are the five main traits of vascular plants?
What are the five main traits of vascular plants?
What structures do flowers consist of?
What structures do flowers consist of?
What are some limitations for life on land?
What are some limitations for life on land?
Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the ______.
Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the ______.
Which of the following is a characteristic of bryophyte sporophytes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bryophyte sporophytes?
Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the ______.
Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the ______.
What is a unique trait of land plants?
What is a unique trait of land plants?
Which type of seed plant bears "naked" seeds on cones?
Which type of seed plant bears "naked" seeds on cones?
Which of the following is true about the evolutionary links between animals and angiosperms?
Which of the following is true about the evolutionary links between animals and angiosperms?
What is the main reason why Sphagnum is now used as a soil conditioner and for packing plant roots?
What is the main reason why Sphagnum is now used as a soil conditioner and for packing plant roots?
What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?
What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?
What are wetlands and peatlands important for?
What are wetlands and peatlands important for?
What is the function of apical meristems in land plants?
What is the function of apical meristems in land plants?
What is the role of rhizoids in bryophytes?
What is the role of rhizoids in bryophytes?
Bryophytes are represented by ______ phyla.
Bryophytes are represented by ______ phyla.
Bryophytes produce ______ sperm that swim towards archegonia to fertilize eggs.
Bryophytes produce ______ sperm that swim towards archegonia to fertilize eggs.
What gave rise to modern-day coal?
What gave rise to modern-day coal?
Explain the difference between lycophytes and pterophytes.
Explain the difference between lycophytes and pterophytes.
What do wetlands and peatlands provide?
What do wetlands and peatlands provide?
What do fruits develop from in angiosperms?
What do fruits develop from in angiosperms?
What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?
What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?
What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?
What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?
The life cycle of an angiosperm involves the production of male and female gametophytes, with pollination triggering the growth of the ovary into a ______.
The life cycle of an angiosperm involves the production of male and female gametophytes, with pollination triggering the growth of the ovary into a ______.
What is the consequence of the destruction of plant communities?
What is the consequence of the destruction of plant communities?
How should we view rain forests and other ecosystems, and what is the implication of not doing so?
How should we view rain forests and other ecosystems, and what is the implication of not doing so?
Gametophytes are the largest and most conspicuous phase of the life cycle in ______.
Gametophytes are the largest and most conspicuous phase of the life cycle in ______.
How do most flowers ensure cross-pollination?
How do most flowers ensure cross-pollination?
What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?
What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?
Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ______, and the pollen tube grows down within the style to penetrate the ovule and fertilize the egg.
Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ______, and the pollen tube grows down within the style to penetrate the ovule and fertilize the egg.
What is the role of flowering plants in providing for human needs, and what are some examples of these needs?
What is the role of flowering plants in providing for human needs, and what are some examples of these needs?
Which plant group flourished in the Carboniferous period?
Which plant group flourished in the Carboniferous period?
Bryophyte sporophytes disperse enormous numbers of spores and have the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all modern ______ groups.
Bryophyte sporophytes disperse enormous numbers of spores and have the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all modern ______ groups.
What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?
What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?
What is an adaptation for terrestrial life?
What is an adaptation for terrestrial life?
Which of the following plant groups flourished in the Carboniferous period?
Which of the following plant groups flourished in the Carboniferous period?
How did the first forests give rise to modern-day coal?
How did the first forests give rise to modern-day coal?
How should we view rain forests and other ecosystems?
How should we view rain forests and other ecosystems?
What are some adaptations for terrestrial life?
What are some adaptations for terrestrial life?
What are the five main traits of vascular plants?
What are the five main traits of vascular plants?
What is the function of the pollen tube in angiosperms?
What is the function of the pollen tube in angiosperms?
What were the earliest plants like?
What were the earliest plants like?
Why do modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments?
Why do modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments?
What is the mechanism by which most flowers ensure cross-pollination?
What is the mechanism by which most flowers ensure cross-pollination?
What are the two clades of living seedless vascular plants?
What are the two clades of living seedless vascular plants?
What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?
What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?
Phenolic compounds in moss cell walls absorb damaging levels of radiation present in deserts and at high altitudes and ______.
Phenolic compounds in moss cell walls absorb damaging levels of radiation present in deserts and at high altitudes and ______.
The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen grains, which contributed to their ______.
The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen grains, which contributed to their ______.
Bryophyte spores germinate in favorable habitats and grow into gametophytes by ______.
Bryophyte spores germinate in favorable habitats and grow into gametophytes by ______.
What is the function of sporangia in land plants?
What is the function of sporangia in land plants?
How do angiosperms compare to other types of plants in terms of diversity and dominance in terrestrial ecosystems?
How do angiosperms compare to other types of plants in terms of diversity and dominance in terrestrial ecosystems?
Which of the following is not a benefit provided by flowering plants?
Which of the following is not a benefit provided by flowering plants?
What were the earliest plants like?
What were the earliest plants like?
What is the name of the structure that retains and nourishes the zygotes and young sporophytes in bryophytes?
What is the name of the structure that retains and nourishes the zygotes and young sporophytes in bryophytes?
How many species of plants exist today?
How many species of plants exist today?
How does the pollen tube fertilize the egg in angiosperms?
How does the pollen tube fertilize the egg in angiosperms?
How much coal do humans still burn each year?
How much coal do humans still burn each year?
How much coal do humans still burn each year?
How much coal do humans still burn each year?
What is a unique trait of land plants that separates them from their algal relatives?
What is a unique trait of land plants that separates them from their algal relatives?
What is the ultimate goal of the life cycle of an angiosperm?
What is the ultimate goal of the life cycle of an angiosperm?
What is the role of the pollen tube in the life cycle of an angiosperm?
What is the role of the pollen tube in the life cycle of an angiosperm?
Elongated antheridia are male gametangia in ______.
Elongated antheridia are male gametangia in ______.
Sphagnum forms extensive deposits of undecayed organic material, called ______, which stabilizes atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Sphagnum forms extensive deposits of undecayed organic material, called ______, which stabilizes atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
What is the dominant group of plants in modern landscapes?
What is the dominant group of plants in modern landscapes?
Which plant group has the smallest and simplest sporophytes among modern plants?
Which plant group has the smallest and simplest sporophytes among modern plants?
The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of ______, specialized for sexual reproduction.
The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of ______, specialized for sexual reproduction.
How do land plants find energy and resources, survive harsh conditions, spread their genes, and avoid being eaten?
How do land plants find energy and resources, survive harsh conditions, spread their genes, and avoid being eaten?
What is the importance of sustainable harvesting of plant resources, and why is it necessary for human welfare?
What is the importance of sustainable harvesting of plant resources, and why is it necessary for human welfare?
Flashcards
Silurian Period
Silurian Period
Geological period known for diversification of vascular plants.
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
Flowering plants that dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
Angiosperm Species Diversity
Angiosperm Species Diversity
More than 250,000 species of flowering plants.
Land Plant Ancestry
Land Plant Ancestry
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Ordovician Period
Ordovician Period
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Seed Plant Types
Seed Plant Types
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Ediacaran Period
Ediacaran Period
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Cretaceous Period
Cretaceous Period
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Carboniferous Period
Carboniferous Period
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Early Earth Land
Early Earth Land
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Bryophytes
Bryophytes
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Land Plant Derived Traits
Land Plant Derived Traits
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Sphagnum Uses
Sphagnum Uses
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Seed Plant Adaptations
Seed Plant Adaptations
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Cambrian Period
Cambrian Period
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Seed Plant Success Factors
Seed Plant Success Factors
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Land Plant Origin
Land Plant Origin
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Triassic Period
Triassic Period
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Angiosperm Life Cycle
Angiosperm Life Cycle
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Early Terrestrial Vegetation
Early Terrestrial Vegetation
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Plant Species Today
Plant Species Today
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Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
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Angiosperm Defining Feature
Angiosperm Defining Feature
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Peat Carbon Storage
Peat Carbon Storage
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Land Plant Traits
Land Plant Traits
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Bryophyte Reproduction
Bryophyte Reproduction
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Limitation for Land Life
Limitation for Land Life
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Angiosperm Importance
Angiosperm Importance
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Land Plant Adaptations
Land Plant Adaptations
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Jurassic Period
Jurassic Period
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Study Notes
- Earth was lifeless for the first 3 billion years until cyanobacteria appeared
- Plants, fungi, and animals joined cyanobacteria about 500 million years ago
- More than 290,000 species of plants exist today, mostly in terrestrial environments
- Land plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans
- Land plants possess a set of derived terrestrial adaptations, including apical meristems and walled spores produced by sporangia
- Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue
- Bryophytes are nonvascular plants dominated by the gametophyte stage in their life cycle
- Bryophytes include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
- Bryophyte gametophytes are anchored by rhizoids and lack conducting tissues
- Some mosses have conducting tissues, but it is unclear if they are analogous or homologous to the xylem and phloem of vascular plants.- Bryophytes have vase-shaped archegonia that produce a single egg and elongated antheridia that produce many flagellated sperm.
- Sperm swim toward the archegonia and fertilize the eggs when the plants are coated with a thin film of water.
- The zygotes and young sporophytes of bryophytes are retained and nourished by the parent gametophyte.
- Bryophyte sporophytes have the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all modern plant groups.
- Moss sporophytes consist of a foot, an elongated stalk (the seta), and a sporangium (the capsule).
- Liverworts have the simplest sporophytes among the bryophytes.
- Hornwort and moss sporophytes are larger and more complex.
- Bryophytes provide many ecological and economic benefits.
- Wind dispersal of lightweight spores has distributed bryophytes around the world.
- Ferns and other seedless vascular plants flourished in the Carboniferous period.
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