lecture 11 on land plants
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Questions and Answers

what happened during the Cretaceous period?

flowering plants (angiosperms) appeared

what happened during the triassic period

gymnosperms dominated the land, dinosaurs evolved and radiated, origin of mammals

what happened during the carboniferous period

extensive forests of vascular plant forms, first seed plants appeared, origin of reptiles, amphibians were dominant

what happened during the silurian period

<p>diversifications of early vascular plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

what happened during the ordovician period

<p>marine algae abundant, colonization of the land by diverse fungi, plants , and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

what happened during the Cambrian period

<p>explosion of abundance of animal phyla</p> Signup and view all the answers

what happened during the edicaran period

<p>diverse algae and soft bodied invertebrate animals appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

in order, from Paleozoic to Mesozoic, what were all the new adaptations?include the eras

<p>edicaran : DIVERSE ALGAE and soft bodied vertebrates Cambrian: explosion of animal phyla Ordovician: Marine algae abundant, colonization of land plants and animals Silurian: diversification of VASCULAR TISSUE IN PLANTS carboniferous: extensive vascular plants form, first seed plants appear , origin of reptiles and amphibians Triassic: Angiosperm dominant, dinosaurs evolve and radiate, origin of mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the evolution of land plants?

<p>They evolved from green algae called charophyceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of angiosperms in terrestrial ecosystems, and how many species have they diversified into?

<p>Angiosperms dominate most terrestrial ecosystems and have diversified into more than 250,000 species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the first 3 billion years of Earth's history, the land was ______.

<p>lifeless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the life cycle of an angiosperm?

<p>It ends with the formation of a mature flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the first 3 billion years of Earth's history, the land was ______.

<p>lifeless</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evolution of seed plants was aided by several adaptations, including the seed, gametophyte reduction, heterospory, ovules, and ______.

<p>pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant was prevalent for the first 100 million years of terrestrial communities?

<p>Bryophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the historical uses of Sphagnum and explain its current applications in horticulture.

<p>Sphagnum has been used historically as diapers and as an antiseptic for wounds. In horticulture, it is used as a soil conditioner and for packing plant roots due to its water storage capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptations contributed to the success of seed plants?

<p>Reduced gametophytes protected in ovules and pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key trait that separates land plants from their algal relatives?

<p>Development from embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of seed plants?

<p>Angiosperms and gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four key derived traits that separate land plants from their algal relatives?

<p>The four key derived traits that separate land plants from their algal relatives are multicellular, dependent embryos, sporangia, multicellular gametangia, and apical meristems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant lacks conducting tissues and is dominated by the gametophyte stage in its life cycle?

<p>Bryophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptations aided the evolution of seed plants?

<p>Heterospory and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

what happened during the jurassic period?

<p>gymnosperms continued as dominant plants, dinosaurs were abundant and diverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation contributed to the success of seed plants?

<p>Reduced gametophytes protected in ovules and pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?

<p>Flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Land plants evolved from ______ algae.

<p>green</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of plant species that exist today?

<p>290,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] bear "naked" seeds on cones, while angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.

<p>Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated amount of organic carbon stored as peat worldwide?

<p>400 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?

<p>Flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some unique traits of land plants?

<p>Some unique traits of land plants include development from embryos, alternation of generations, and multicellular haploid and diploid forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much organic carbon is stored as peat worldwide?

<p>An estimated 400 billion tons of organic carbon is stored as peat worldwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation for life on land?

<p>Swimming sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes bryophytes from other plant groups?

<p>They lack conducting tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the life cycle of an angiosperm begin and end?

<p>The life cycle of an angiosperm begins with the formation of a mature flower and culminates in a germinating seed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Land plants evolved from ______ algae.

<p>green.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many species have angiosperms diversified into?

<p>250,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

<p>Gymnosperms bear naked seeds on cones, while angiosperms produce flowers and fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bryophytes reproduce?

<p>By producing spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between animals and angiosperms, and how does human welfare depend on seed plants?

<p>Animals and angiosperms share evolutionary links, and human welfare depends greatly on seed plants, which provide nearly all our food, sources of wood, and medicines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Land plants possess a set of derived ______ adaptations.

<p>terrestrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of evolution of land plants?

<p>The four stages of evolution of land plants are nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did land plants evolve from?

<p>Charophyceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, carpals, and ______, with fruits developing from mature ovaries.

<p>ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of angiosperms to human welfare?

<p>They provide nearly all our food, sources of wood, and medicines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms?

<p>The flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the reduced gametophytes of seed plants protected?

<p>In ovules and pollen grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the evolution of terrestrial vegetation from bryophytes to seedless vascular plants.

<p>Bryophytes were the prevalent vegetation for the first 100 million years of terrestrial communities. Ferns and other seedless vascular plants formed the first forests. Modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments due to swimming sperm and fragile gametophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments?

<p>They have swimming sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Land plants possess a set of derived ______ adaptations.

<p>terrestrial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of the evolution of land plants?

<p>Nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is plant diversity not a renewable resource, and what is the consequence of destroying plant communities?

<p>Plant diversity is not a renewable resource, and the destruction of plant communities is an irrevocable loss of nonrenewable resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that produces a single egg in bryophytes?

<p>Archegonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fruits protect dormant seeds and aid in their ______, with some fruits adapted for wind or water dispersal and others relying on animals to eat the fruit and deposit the seeds elsewhere.

<p>dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five main traits of vascular plants?

<p>Dominant sporophytes, transport in xylem and phloem, evolution of roots, evolution of leaves, and sporophylls and spore variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures do flowers consist of?

<p>Sepals, petals, stamens, carpals, and ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some limitations for life on land?

<p>Some limitations for life on land include swimming sperm, no vascular or woody tissue, and typically moist habitats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the ______.

<p>charophyceans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of bryophyte sporophytes?

<p>They have the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all modern plant groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the ______.

<p>charophyceans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique trait of land plants?

<p>Development from embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of seed plant bears "naked" seeds on cones?

<p>Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the evolutionary links between animals and angiosperms?

<p>They share evolutionary links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why Sphagnum is now used as a soil conditioner and for packing plant roots?

<p>It has a high water storage capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?

<p>Protecting dormant seeds and aiding in their dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are wetlands and peatlands important for?

<p>Wetlands and peatlands store carbon and provide critical ecosystem services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of apical meristems in land plants?

<p>To produce roots and shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of rhizoids in bryophytes?

<p>To anchor the gametophyte to the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bryophytes are represented by ______ phyla.

<p>three.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bryophytes produce ______ sperm that swim towards archegonia to fertilize eggs.

<p>flagellated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gave rise to modern-day coal?

<p>Ferns and other seedless vascular plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between lycophytes and pterophytes.

<p>Living seedless vascular plants form two clades: lycophytes and pterophytes. Lycophytes have microphylls, while pterophytes have megaphylls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do wetlands and peatlands provide?

<p>Carbon storage and critical ecosystem services</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do fruits develop from in angiosperms?

<p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?

<p>To protect dormant seeds and aid in their dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?

<p>Pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

The life cycle of an angiosperm involves the production of male and female gametophytes, with pollination triggering the growth of the ovary into a ______.

<p>fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the destruction of plant communities?

<p>It is an irrevocable loss of nonrenewable resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should we view rain forests and other ecosystems, and what is the implication of not doing so?

<p>We need to view rain forests and other ecosystems as living treasures that we can harvest only at sustainable rates. The implication of not doing so is the depletion of nonrenewable resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gametophytes are the largest and most conspicuous phase of the life cycle in ______.

<p>bryophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do most flowers ensure cross-pollination?

<p>By attracting insects or other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fruits in angiosperms?

<p>To protect dormant seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure ______, and the pollen tube grows down within the style to penetrate the ovule and fertilize the egg.

<p>cross-pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of flowering plants in providing for human needs, and what are some examples of these needs?

<p>Flowering plants provide nearly all our food, sources of wood, and medicines. Examples of these needs include fruits, vegetables, grains, timber, and pharmaceuticals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant group flourished in the Carboniferous period?

<p>Ferns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bryophyte sporophytes disperse enormous numbers of spores and have the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all modern ______ groups.

<p>plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?

<p>Pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an adaptation for terrestrial life?

<p>Vascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant groups flourished in the Carboniferous period?

<p>Seedless vascular plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the first forests give rise to modern-day coal?

<p>The first forests gave rise to modern-day coal through the accumulation of plant material that was buried and subjected to heat and pressure over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should we view rain forests and other ecosystems?

<p>As living treasures that we can harvest only at sustainable rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some adaptations for terrestrial life?

<p>Some adaptations for terrestrial life include vascular tissue, specialized tissues (roots, leaves), and woody tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five main traits of vascular plants?

<p>Dominant sporophytes, transport in xylem and phloem, evolution of roots, evolution of leaves, and sporophylls and spore variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pollen tube in angiosperms?

<p>To grow down within the style to fertilize the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the earliest plants like?

<p>Terrestrial, eukaryotic, and multicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments?

<p>Modern seedless vascular plants require damp environments due to swimming sperm and fragile gametophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which most flowers ensure cross-pollination?

<p>Animal pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two clades of living seedless vascular plants?

<p>Lycophytes and pterophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the growth of the ovary into a fruit in angiosperms?

<p>Pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phenolic compounds in moss cell walls absorb damaging levels of radiation present in deserts and at high altitudes and ______.

<p>latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen grains, which contributed to their ______.

<p>success</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bryophyte spores germinate in favorable habitats and grow into gametophytes by ______.

<p>mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sporangia in land plants?

<p>To produce spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do angiosperms compare to other types of plants in terms of diversity and dominance in terrestrial ecosystems?

<p>Angiosperms are the most diverse and dominant group of plants in terrestrial ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a benefit provided by flowering plants?

<p>Clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the earliest plants like?

<p>The earliest plants were terrestrial, eukaryotic, and multicellular, with almost all of them being autotrophic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that retains and nourishes the zygotes and young sporophytes in bryophytes?

<p>Gametophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many species of plants exist today?

<p>More than 290,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pollen tube fertilize the egg in angiosperms?

<p>By growing down within the style</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much coal do humans still burn each year?

<p>Humans still burn 6 billion tons of coal each year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much coal do humans still burn each year?

<p>6 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique trait of land plants that separates them from their algal relatives?

<p>Multicellular, dependent embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of the life cycle of an angiosperm?

<p>Formation of a mature seed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pollen tube in the life cycle of an angiosperm?

<p>To grow down within the style and penetrate the ovule to fertilize the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elongated antheridia are male gametangia in ______.

<p>bryophytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sphagnum forms extensive deposits of undecayed organic material, called ______, which stabilizes atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

<p>peat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant group of plants in modern landscapes?

<p>Seed plants, including gymnosperms and angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant group has the smallest and simplest sporophytes among modern plants?

<p>Bryophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of ______, specialized for sexual reproduction.

<p>angiosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do land plants find energy and resources, survive harsh conditions, spread their genes, and avoid being eaten?

<p>Land plants are able to find energy and resources, survive harsh conditions, spread their genes, and avoid being eaten without being able to move around.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of sustainable harvesting of plant resources, and why is it necessary for human welfare?

<p>Sustainable harvesting of plant resources is important to ensure their availability for future generations and to avoid the depletion of nonrenewable resources. It is necessary for human welfare because we depend greatly on plant resources for food, shelter, and medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

  • Earth was lifeless for the first 3 billion years until cyanobacteria appeared
  • Plants, fungi, and animals joined cyanobacteria about 500 million years ago
  • More than 290,000 species of plants exist today, mostly in terrestrial environments
  • Land plants evolved from green algae called charophyceans
  • Land plants possess a set of derived terrestrial adaptations, including apical meristems and walled spores produced by sporangia
  • Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue
  • Bryophytes are nonvascular plants dominated by the gametophyte stage in their life cycle
  • Bryophytes include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
  • Bryophyte gametophytes are anchored by rhizoids and lack conducting tissues
  • Some mosses have conducting tissues, but it is unclear if they are analogous or homologous to the xylem and phloem of vascular plants.- Bryophytes have vase-shaped archegonia that produce a single egg and elongated antheridia that produce many flagellated sperm.
  • Sperm swim toward the archegonia and fertilize the eggs when the plants are coated with a thin film of water.
  • The zygotes and young sporophytes of bryophytes are retained and nourished by the parent gametophyte.
  • Bryophyte sporophytes have the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all modern plant groups.
  • Moss sporophytes consist of a foot, an elongated stalk (the seta), and a sporangium (the capsule).
  • Liverworts have the simplest sporophytes among the bryophytes.
  • Hornwort and moss sporophytes are larger and more complex.
  • Bryophytes provide many ecological and economic benefits.
  • Wind dispersal of lightweight spores has distributed bryophytes around the world.
  • Ferns and other seedless vascular plants flourished in the Carboniferous period.

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Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of bryophytes and seedless vascular plants with this quiz! Learn about the evolution of land plants, the unique adaptations of bryophytes, and the ecological and economic benefits they provide. From the simple sporophytes of liverworts to the more complex structures of hornworts and mosses, this quiz covers it all. Don't miss out on the chance to dive into the world of these ancient and important plant groups.

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