Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where was Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali born?
Where was Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali born?
Who became the crown prince in 1960?
Who became the crown prince in 1960?
What was a result of the increased financial resources in Qatar?
What was a result of the increased financial resources in Qatar?
What was cancelled in 1960?
What was cancelled in 1960?
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Who became the Director of the General Government in 1962?
Who became the Director of the General Government in 1962?
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What was issued in 1970?
What was issued in 1970?
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In what year did Qatar gain political independence from the British?
In what year did Qatar gain political independence from the British?
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What position was terminated in 1971 after Qatar gained independence?
What position was terminated in 1971 after Qatar gained independence?
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What was discovered in Qatar in 1971, increasing revenue?
What was discovered in Qatar in 1971, increasing revenue?
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What organization did Qatar join in 1971 after gaining independence?
What organization did Qatar join in 1971 after gaining independence?
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Who has sovereignty and ultimate authority over the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of government in Qatar?
Who has sovereignty and ultimate authority over the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of government in Qatar?
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Who became the legal advisor to the government in 1960?
Who became the legal advisor to the government in 1960?
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What was established in 1962, chaired by Dr. Hassan Kamil, and supervised by the Crown Prince and the Ruler’s deputy?
What was established in 1962, chaired by Dr. Hassan Kamil, and supervised by the Crown Prince and the Ruler’s deputy?
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How many government agencies existed by the beginning of the 1970s?
How many government agencies existed by the beginning of the 1970s?
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Who was appointed as the head of the judiciary in Qatar in 1941?
Who was appointed as the head of the judiciary in Qatar in 1941?
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What was established in the late 1960s to handle foreign affairs?
What was established in the late 1960s to handle foreign affairs?
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Who established and chaired a Sharia court in Doha?
Who established and chaired a Sharia court in Doha?
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What was the purpose of the Dubai Agreement in 1968?
What was the purpose of the Dubai Agreement in 1968?
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In what year was the Qatar National Bank (QNB) founded?
In what year was the Qatar National Bank (QNB) founded?
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Why did the British government decide to withdraw from Qatar before 1971?
Why did the British government decide to withdraw from Qatar before 1971?
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What was the name of the first offshore field developed in Qatar?
What was the name of the first offshore field developed in Qatar?
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What was the purpose of the Qatar Dubai Currency Council?
What was the purpose of the Qatar Dubai Currency Council?
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What was the reason for the creation of the Labor Court in 1962?
What was the reason for the creation of the Labor Court in 1962?
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What was the name of the court that was abolished in 1970 and replaced by a regular Qatari circuit court?
What was the name of the court that was abolished in 1970 and replaced by a regular Qatari circuit court?
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What was the reason for the creation of the Qatar Currency Agency in 1973?
What was the reason for the creation of the Qatar Currency Agency in 1973?
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What was the name of the organization that Qatar joined in 1961, a year after its establishment?
What was the name of the organization that Qatar joined in 1961, a year after its establishment?
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Why was the Federation project terminated?
Why was the Federation project terminated?
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When was Qatar's basic law (constitution) issued?
When was Qatar's basic law (constitution) issued?
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What international organization did Qatar join in 1963?
What international organization did Qatar join in 1963?
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What was stipulated by Article 22 of the Temporary Basic Law?
What was stipulated by Article 22 of the Temporary Basic Law?
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How many government agencies were changed into ministries on 28 May 1970?
How many government agencies were changed into ministries on 28 May 1970?
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What was announced by Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad on 1 September 1971?
What was announced by Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad on 1 September 1971?
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When did Qatar become a member of the Arab League?
When did Qatar become a member of the Arab League?
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Who became the new Emir of Qatar on 22 February 1972?
Who became the new Emir of Qatar on 22 February 1972?
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For how many years was Qatar under British protection?
For how many years was Qatar under British protection?
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When was the first cabinet created?
When was the first cabinet created?
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Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali was born in 1920 in Saudi Arabia.
Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali was born in 1920 in Saudi Arabia.
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Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad became the Emir of Qatar in 1960.
Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad became the Emir of Qatar in 1960.
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Qatar became more isolated from larger Arab society during Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali's reign.
Qatar became more isolated from larger Arab society during Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali's reign.
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The position of British advisor to the Shaykh was terminated in 1961.
The position of British advisor to the Shaykh was terminated in 1961.
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Dr. Hassan Kamil became the Director of the General Government in 1961.
Dr. Hassan Kamil became the Director of the General Government in 1961.
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Qatar's Organic Law was issued in 1971.
Qatar's Organic Law was issued in 1971.
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Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayd established and chaired a Sharia court in Doha.
Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayd established and chaired a Sharia court in Doha.
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The first offshore field developed in Qatar was Maydan Mahzam.
The first offshore field developed in Qatar was Maydan Mahzam.
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Qatar joined OPEC in 1963, two years after its establishment in Baghdad.
Qatar joined OPEC in 1963, two years after its establishment in Baghdad.
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The Qatar Dubai Currency Council issued a new currency in 1965.
The Qatar Dubai Currency Council issued a new currency in 1965.
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The British government decided to withdraw from Qatar before 1970.
The British government decided to withdraw from Qatar before 1970.
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The Labor Court was created in 1961 to deal with the expansion of government agencies.
The Labor Court was created in 1961 to deal with the expansion of government agencies.
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The Qatar National Bank (QNB) was founded in 1965.
The Qatar National Bank (QNB) was founded in 1965.
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The Traffic Court was established in 1969.
The Traffic Court was established in 1969.
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The British political agent's court was abolished in 1970 and its jurisdiction went to Qatari courts.
The British political agent's court was abolished in 1970 and its jurisdiction went to Qatari courts.
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The Municipal Affairs court was established in 1967 to deal with cases related to facilities and building codes.
The Municipal Affairs court was established in 1967 to deal with cases related to facilities and building codes.
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Qatar's participation in international organizations started after independence in 1971.
Qatar's participation in international organizations started after independence in 1971.
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The Temporary Basic Law of 1970 was issued on May 28, 1970.
The Temporary Basic Law of 1970 was issued on May 28, 1970.
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The Emir of Qatar has legislative authority.
The Emir of Qatar has legislative authority.
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Qatar's independence from Britain was declared on September 3, 1970.
Qatar's independence from Britain was declared on September 3, 1970.
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The Basic Law of 1970 stated that Qatar is a Western democratic country.
The Basic Law of 1970 stated that Qatar is a Western democratic country.
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The 1916 protection treaty between Qatar and Britain was cancelled in 1970.
The 1916 protection treaty between Qatar and Britain was cancelled in 1970.
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Qatar joined the United Nations on September 1, 1971.
Qatar joined the United Nations on September 1, 1971.
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The Ruler of Qatar has ultimate authority over the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of government.
The Ruler of Qatar has ultimate authority over the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of government.
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The first cabinet met on May 28, 1970.
The first cabinet met on May 28, 1970.
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Qatar was a member of the Arab League before 1971.
Qatar was a member of the Arab League before 1971.
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Qatar obtained political independence from the British in 1970
Qatar obtained political independence from the British in 1970
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The Crown Prince is responsible for issuing administrative decisions and regulations
The Crown Prince is responsible for issuing administrative decisions and regulations
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The first Minister of Finance was appointed in 1961
The first Minister of Finance was appointed in 1961
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A higher administration for government agencies was established in 1960
A higher administration for government agencies was established in 1960
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The Judicial Authority was based on written regulations and laws before oil was discovered
The Judicial Authority was based on written regulations and laws before oil was discovered
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Shaykh Abdullah bin Jassim established a Sharia court in Doha
Shaykh Abdullah bin Jassim established a Sharia court in Doha
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The Foreign Affairs Department was established in 1960
The Foreign Affairs Department was established in 1960
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The government agencies were formed for infrastructure, social services, health, and education projects
The government agencies were formed for infrastructure, social services, health, and education projects
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Qatar joined the Arab League before gaining independence from the British
Qatar joined the Arab League before gaining independence from the British
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Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad was the Ruler of Qatar in the 1960s
Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad was the Ruler of Qatar in the 1960s
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Study Notes
Judicial Developments
- Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayd established the Sharia court in Doha, introducing a systematic approach to legal records.
- Key appointments: Shaykh Hassan bin Muhammad al-Jaber for testimonies and marriage contracts, Shaykh Ibrahim bin Abdullah al-Ansari for urgent cases.
- Following Shaykh Ansari's death, al-Sayyid Ibrahim bin Yousuf al-Sade succeeded him.
- In 1958, the Directorate of Sharia courts was formed with Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayd Al Mahmoud as the first chair.
- New courts were established to address growing administrative needs: Labor Court (1962), Traffic Court (1968), Municipal Affairs Court (1969).
- Traffic and Municipal Affairs Courts were replaced by a circuit court in 1970 due to judicial complexities brought on by foreign presence.
Economic Development
- Discovery of oil fields during Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali’s reign facilitated significant economic transformation.
- Idd al-Shargi Field began production in January 1964, marking Qatar's first offshore development.
- Major oil discoveries included Maydan Mahzam in 1963, Abu al-Hanin in 1965, with production commencing in 1977.
- Qatar joined OPEC in 1961 to secure fair oil pricing, which was vital for resource enhancement.
Currency Developments
- Historical currency used in Qatar prior to oil included French riyals and the Indian rupee.
- In 1964, Qatar National Bank (QNB) was established, with ownership divided between the government and citizens.
- The Qatar Dubai currency council was formed with Dubai, leading to the issuance of the Qatar Dubai riyal in 1966.
- The Qatari riyal was introduced in 1973 under Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad's reign.
British Withdrawal and National Developments
- In 1968, British Labor Government decided to withdraw, motivated by rising US influence, Arab nationalism, and economic constraints post-WWII.
- Qatar initiated a project for a United Arab Federation in 1968, culminating in the Dubai Agreement among Gulf rulers.
Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali's Reign (1960-1971)
- Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali ruled Qatar from 1960 until 1971, marking a period of rapid development fueled by oil revenue.
- Crown Prince Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad was pivotal in state planning and administrative reforms.
- 1962 saw the appointment of Dr. Hassan Kamil as Director of the General Government, overseeing major ministry functions.
Legal and Administrative Framework
- Dr. Hassan Kamil's appointment in 1960 initiated a shift towards a modern legislative framework in Qatar.
- Key legal milestones included the establishment of official gazettes and several foundational laws such as the Nationality Law (1961) and Company Law.
- An Organic Law in 1970 laid the groundwork for governance and administrative authority structures, establishing the Emir's sovereignty.
Independence and International Relations
- Qatar achieved political independence on September 1, 1971, after ending the 1916 British protection treaty.
- Key outcomes included the formation of a Foreign Ministry, accession to the Arab League and UN, and a commitment to Palestinian rights.
- Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad became Emir following the independence announcement on September 3, 1971.
Basic Law of 1970
- The temporary basic law featured 77 articles establishing governance, civil rights, and adherence to Islamic Sharia.
- The structure included the Ruler and Crown Prince in key executive roles, with a council to discuss legislation and state policies.
- The law enhanced the political climate by defining rights and duties for citizens while aiming to unify Arab states and support Palestinian nationalism.### Establishment of Judicial Systems
- Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayd founded and chaired a Sharia court in Doha, focusing on case records and rulings.
- Key personnel included Shaykh Hassan bin Muhammad al-Jaber for recording testimonies and marriage contracts, and Shaykh Ibrahim bin Abdullah al-Ansari for urgent cases and marriage certifications.
- Following Shaykh Ansari's death, al-Sayyid Ibrahim bin Yousuf al-Sade took over his responsibilities.
Development of Judicial Authority
- 1958 marked the establishment of the Directorate of the Sharia courts, with Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayd Al Mahmoud as the first chair.
- In 1962, Law #4 introduced the Labor Court to manage complex labor cases arising from governmental expansion.
- Subsequently, the Traffic Court was established in 1968 and the Municipal Affairs Court in 1969, later replaced by a Qatari circuit court in 1970.
Economic Growth through Oil Discovery
- Oil was discovered under Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali's leadership, with production starting in the Idd al-Shargi Field in January 1964.
- Major discoveries included the Maydan Mahzam field in 1963 and the Abu al-Hanin field in 1965, with production beginning by 1977.
- Qatar joined OPEC in 1961, enhancing its oil pricing policies.
Currency Developments
- Qatar used various currencies prior to oil revenue, including the Turkish lira and the Indian rupee, before issuing its own currency by 1958.
- In 1961, the influx of the Kuwaiti dinar prompted Gulf emirates to develop their currencies.
- Qatar National Bank was founded in 1964, and the Qatar Dubai riyal was introduced in 1966 through a collaboration between Qatar and Dubai.
- In 1973, the Qatar Currency Agency issued the Qatari riyal after Dubai joined the UAE.
British Withdrawal from Qatar
- The British government decided to withdraw from Qatar by 1971 due to factors like the rise of US influence, Arab nationalism, and the decline in British economic power.
- The British political agent's jurisdiction ended in 1971, transferring authority to Qatari courts.
The Unification Project of 1968
- Qatar participated in discussions to form a United Arab Federation following British withdrawal announcements.
- Rulers of nine Gulf emirates, including Qatar, aimed to establish a federation to fill the emerging power vacuum, resulting in the Dubai Agreement on February 25-27, 1968.
Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali’s Reign (1960-1971)
- Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali ruled following his father's abdication, marking a period of rapid development funded by oil revenues.
- Shaykh Khalifa bin Hamad became crown prince in 1960, assuming critical responsibilities in governance.
Legal and Administrative Transformation
- Dr. Hassan Kamil was appointed legal advisor in 1960, steering Qatar towards a modern legislative framework.
- A series of laws were enacted, including the Qatar Nationality Law and Company Law, enhancing governance structures.
- By the early 1970s, the administrative system evolved into 33 agencies addressing various sectors such as health, education, and infrastructure.
Evolution of the Judicial Authority
- Traditionally tribal, Qatar's judiciary began evolving in 1913 with Shaykh Abdullah bin Jassim's initiatives for a formal judicial structure.
- Shaykh Abdullah bin Zayd Al Mahmoud was appointed head of the judiciary in 1941, which laid the groundwork for modern court systems in Qatar.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Qatar's modern history, specifically during the reign of Shaykh Ahmad bin Ali from 1960 to 1971. Learn about the country's rapid development and its relations with the Arab society and Gulf neighbors.
