Stephen hawking TEST
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Questions and Answers

What significant topic did Roger Penrose contribute to in collaboration with Stephen Hawking?

  • Quantum entanglement
  • The nature of dark matter
  • The expansion of the universe
  • Black holes resulting from gravitational collapse (correct)

What is twistor theory, developed by Roger Penrose, primarily associated with?

  • Mathematics of living organisms
  • Astrophysical phenomena
  • The properties of light
  • A framework for quantum theory (correct)

Which institution did Roger Penrose serve as a professor of applied mathematics?

  • Birkbeck College, London (correct)
  • University of Cambridge
  • University of London
  • Imperial College London

What specific technique did Roger Penrose create to visualize gravity's effect on objects near black holes?

<p>Penrose diagrams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable achievement is associated with the publication by the Royal Society of London in 1970 involving Penrose?

<p>Proof of black hole formation from massive stars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Valentina Tereshkova after her space flight?

<p>She earned a doctorate in engineering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurred immediately after Tereshkova's flight in 1963?

<p>She was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Tereshkova's early career aided her training as a cosmonaut?

<p>Her amateur parachuting skills. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Valentina Tereshkova's space mission aboard Vostok 6?

<p>To determine the effects of space travel on women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following years did Valentina Tereshkova join the Soviet space program?

<p>1961 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role did Patricia Bath hold at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute?

<p>First female ophthalmologist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation is Patricia Bath known for inventing?

<p>Laserphaco Probe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Patricia Bath co-found the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness?

<p>1976 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Patricia Bath emphasize about eyesight in her lectures?

<p>Eyesight is a fundamental human right (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that black holes are thought to emit Hawking radiation?

<p>Particle-antiparticle pairs are created near the event horizon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which university did Patricia Bath attend for her medical studies?

<p>Howard University (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Roger Penrose's work is directly related to visualizing the effects of gravity on objects near black holes?

<p>Penrose diagrams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about Patricia Bath's role in residency training programs?

<p>First US woman to direct an ophthalmology residency training program (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor led to Stephen Hawking's initial rejection of his formula regarding black hole evaporation?

<p>Insufficient empirical evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Patricia Bath receive a patent for the Laserphaco Probe?

<p>1988 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the collaborative paper by Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking published?

<p>1970 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the community ophthalmology outreach program founded by Patricia Bath aimed at?

<p>Bringing primary care to underserved areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical concept did Roger Penrose develop in relation to black holes?

<p>Twistor theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prestigious position did Stephen Hawking hold from 1979 until 2009?

<p>Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which book authored by Stephen Hawking spent 237 weeks on the bestseller list?

<p>A Brief History of Time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recognition of his work, which award did Stephen Hawking win that is valued at $3 million?

<p>Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of physics did Stephen Hawking particularly contribute to through his research?

<p>Quantum mechanics and black holes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Stephen Hawking's impact on society?

<p>He traveled extensively to lecture and popularize science, greatly influencing public understanding of physics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of Jocelyn Bell Burnell's PhD research?

<p>Twinkling quasars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant advance in astrophysics did the discovery of pulsars represent?

<p>The detection of a new class of stars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the periodic radio signals detected by Jocelyn Bell Burnell's instruments characterized by?

<p>A consistent pattern of every 1.337 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the term 'pulsar' first coined?

<p>1968 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under whose supervision did Jocelyn Bell Burnell conduct her PhD research?

<p>Antony Hewish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific breakthrough in T-cell research did Tak Wah Mak accomplish in 1983?

<p>Identification of unique genetic sequences in T-cell receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Tak Wah Mak publish his research on human T-cell receptor genetic encoding?

<p>1984 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Tak Wah Mak's contributions to cancer research in 1999?

<p>Identification of a chemical to block the fuel supply of Hodgkin's lymphoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Tak Wah Mak's early life influence his career in immunology and molecular biology?

<p>His family's wealth enabled access to education and research opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant theme reflected in Tak Wah Mak's work and quote regarding cancer?

<p>Perseverance in the fight against cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant milestone did Stephen Hawking achieve in 1966?

<p>He completed his PhD thesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physicist collaborated with Hawking to prove the existence of gravitational singularities?

<p>Roger Penrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Hawking publish his first popular science book?

<p>1988 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition did Hawking develop in 1963 that impacted his physical capabilities?

<p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major discovery did Hawking make about black holes in 1974?

<p>Black holes emit heat and can evaporate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position did Hawking hold at Cambridge University in 1979?

<p>Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who first hypothesized the existence of black holes in the 1910s?

<p>Karl Schwarzschild (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is thought to occur when matter is dragged into a black hole?

<p>Creation of X-rays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant discovery did Jocelyn Bell Burnell make in 1967?

<p>The detection of pulsars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of the pulsating signals detected by Jocelyn Bell Burnell?

<p>1.337 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which university did Tak Wah Mak attend for his PhD?

<p>University of Wisconsin (C), University of Alberta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What award was given to Jocelyn Bell Burnell in 2007?

<p>Dame Commander of the British Empire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major immunology problem did Tak Wah Mak help solve?

<p>How T-cells recognize antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Jocelyn Bell Burnell's PhD thesis?

<p>Twinkling quasars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Tak Wah Mak publish his significant article on T-cell receptors in Nature?

<p>1984 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the signals detected by Jocelyn Bell Burnell?

<p>They originated from a rapidly rotating neutron star (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Valentina Tereshkova's achievement

First woman in space, first civilian in space, aboard Vostok 6 in 1963

Vostok 6

The spacecraft Valentina Tereshkova used for her spaceflight in 1963

Tereshkova's background

Textile factory worker, parachute jumper, volunteered for the space program

Soviet space program

Soviet Union's space exploration effort that included Tereshkova

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Tereshkova's post-space career

Earned a doctorate in engineering, became a Hero of the Soviet Union, and prominent in politics.

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Patricia Bath's field

Ophthalmology, which is the study and treatment of the eye.

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First female ophthalmologist at UCLA

Patricia Bath was the first woman in 1975 to hold this position at Jules Stein Eye Institute.

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Laserphaco Probe invention

Patricia Bath created a laser tool in 1986 that improved cataract removal precision.

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Community Ophthalmology

A program started by Bath to bring eye care to underserved areas.

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Patricia Bath's residency

Post-graduate medical training in ophthalmology.

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First US woman in ophthalmology residency

Patricia Bath became the first woman in the United States to direct, lead, or supervise a training program for new ophthalmologists.

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Corneal transplantation

A procedure that replaces a cornea with an artificial one.

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Patricia Bath's Career Goal

To improve sight for others.

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Penrose Diagrams

A visual representation of spacetime around black holes, mapping the effect of gravity on objects approaching them.

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Stephen Hawking's Black Hole Theory

Black holes emit radiation due to particle-antiparticle pairs created near the event horizon. One falls in, the other escapes as radiation, causing the black hole to lose energy and mass over time.

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Hawking Radiation

Radiation emitted by black holes as a result of particle-antiparticle pair creation near the event horizon. One particle falls in, the other escapes.

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Einstein's General Relativity and Black Hole Evaporation

Hawking's calculation of black hole evaporation combined insights from Einstein's theory of general relativity. It initially faced skepticism but is now universally accepted.

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What did Penrose and Hawking prove?

They proved in 1970 that black holes are formed by the gravitational collapse of massive stars.

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Stephen Hawking's Field

Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist who used mathematics to understand the universe's origins and black holes.

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ALS Diagnosis

Hawking was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in 1963, a disease affecting motor neurons.

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Hawking's PhD Thesis

His PhD, completed in 1966, explored the Big Bang singularity, a dense state at the universe's beginning.

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Black Hole Proof

Hawking, alongside Roger Penrose, proved that gravitational singularities, or black holes, could exist.

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Hawking's Key Discovery

In 1974, he used quantum theory to predict that black holes actually emit radiation and eventually evaporate.

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Lucasian Professor

Hawking held the prestigious Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge, a position once held by Isaac Newton.

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'A Brief History of Time'

Hawking's book, published in 1988, simplified complex theories about the universe for a general audience.

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Black Hole Theory

German physicist Karl Schwarzschild theorized black holes in the early 1900s. Hawking later studied these objects in detail.

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Who proved black holes form from collapsing stars?

Roger Penrose, along with Stephen Hawking, proved that black holes are formed from the gravitational collapse of massive stars.

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What is twistor theory?

Twistor theory, developed by Roger Penrose, is a key tool in quantum theory.

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What did Penrose study at Birkbeck College?

Roger Penrose studied applied mathematics at Birkbeck College, London.

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What is Penrose's field of expertise?

Roger Penrose is a British mathematician.

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What was Jocelyn Bell Burnell's PhD focus?

She focused on researching twinkling quasars, distant celestial objects that emit radio waves.

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What did Jocelyn Bell Burnell discover?

Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered pulsars, rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars that emit radio waves in pulses.

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What makes pulsars unique?

Pulsars are unique because they emit radio waves in regular pulses due to their rapid rotation and strong magnetic fields.

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What was the significance of Jocelyn Bell Burnell's discovery?

The discovery of pulsars marked a new class of star and a significant advance in astrophysics, revolutionizing our understanding of celestial objects.

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What is a neutron star?

A neutron star is the incredibly dense, collapsed core of a massive star that has exploded as a supernova.

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Stephen Hawking's Research Focus

Hawking studied the super tiny (quantum mechanics) and the infinitely large (the universe) to create a unified theory of everything.

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Hawking's Major Contribution

Hawking made significant advancements in understanding black holes, massive objects whose gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

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Hawking's Position at Cambridge

He was appointed as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a prestigious position held by Isaac Newton.

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Hawking's Popular Science Book

Hawking authored A Brief History of Time, a groundbreaking book that introduced complex scientific ideas to a wide audience.

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Hawking's Global Influence

Hawking traveled extensively, giving lectures around the world. He was a popular speaker and his research captivated audiences.

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What are T-cells?

T-cells are a type of white blood cell produced by the thymus gland. They play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and attacking foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses.

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What are Antigens?

Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response. They are typically foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, that the body recognizes as harmful.

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What is a T-cell Receptor?

A T-cell receptor is a protein on the surface of a T-cell that recognizes and binds to specific antigens. This recognition is crucial for triggering an immune response.

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What is Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

Hodgkin's Lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It is characterized by the abnormal growth of white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells.

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How did Mak's research contribute to cancer treatment?

Mak's research on T-cells and their role in recognizing antigens led to a deeper understanding of the immune system's response to cancer. This knowledge paved the way for developing new immunotherapies to fight cancer.

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Jocelyn Bell Burnell's discovery

Bell Burnell, a young postgraduate student, was the first to detect pulsars in 1967, which are rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized neutron stars emitting a pulse.

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Pulsar

A rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized neutron star that emits a pulse of radiation, discovered by Bell Burnell in 1967.

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T-cell receptors

Receptors on the surface of T cells, a type of white blood cell, that recognize antigens (foreign substances) in the body.

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Tak Wah Mak's research

Mak identified the genetic encoding of human T-cell receptors, which helped solve the longstanding problem of how these receptors recognized antigens.

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What did Tak Wah Mak discover?

He discovered how T cells identify antigens, detailing the genetic encoding of human T-cell receptors.

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How did Bell Burnell's discovery impact astrophysics?

The discovery of pulsars opened a new branch of astrophysics, leading to further research and understanding of neutron stars and the universe.

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Why was Tak Wah Mak's work important?

His research helped us understand how our immune system recognizes and fights off infections, leading to new avenues for studying and treating immune system diseases.

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What is the significance of Bell Burnell's discovery?

Bell Burnell's detection of pulsars was a significant discovery in astrophysics, as it revealed the existence of a new type of celestial object and opened up a new area of research.

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