Tu You You - Stephen Hawking Test

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Questions and Answers

What significant contribution did Tu Youyou make to the field of medicine?

  • Developed a vaccine for tuberculosis
  • Founded the World Health Organization
  • Created a new herbal medicine certification program
  • Isolated artemisinin as an antimalarial treatment (correct)

Which institution did Tu Youyou join in 1955 to conduct her research?

  • World Health Organization
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences
  • Peking University
  • Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (correct)

What was the primary goal of Project 523, directed by Tu Youyou?

  • To conduct studies on tuberculosis in urban areas
  • To eradicate schistosomiasis in rural areas
  • To improve herbal medicine practices in China
  • To find new antimalarial drugs from traditional Chinese medicine (correct)

What ancient resource did Tu Youyou utilize to aid in isolating artemisinin?

<p>A 1,600-year-old recipe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease did Tu Youyou research as part of her initial studies in 1955?

<p>Schistosomiasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Tu Youyou win the Nobel Prize for her contributions to medicine?

<p>2015 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Tu Youyou to begin her research in pharmaceuticals?

<p>Her contraction of tuberculosis during her teens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of substances did Tu Youyou and her team test to find antimalarial properties?

<p>Herbal, mineral, and animal substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the negatively charged particle in a particle-antiparticle pair near the event horizon of a black hole?

<p>It falls into the black hole. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist collaborated with Stephen Hawking to prove that black holes can arise from the gravitational collapse of massive stars?

<p>Roger Penrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a black hole loses energy and mass?

<p>Black hole evaporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory did Penrose develop that is vital for quantum theory?

<p>Twistor theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prestigious position did Stephen Hawking hold at Cambridge University?

<p>Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant effect described by Penrose diagrams?

<p>They illustrate the effects of gravity on objects near black holes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Hawking's major contributions to our understanding of black holes?

<p>They emit thermal radiation due to quantum effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Hawking publish his calculation about the Universe's beginning and black hole evaporation?

<p>1974 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following books is Stephen Hawking best known for?

<p>A Brief History of Time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hawking's formula for Hawking radiation initially face from his peers?

<p>Skepticism and rejection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preparation technique did Tu initially reconsider for extracting active ingredients from Artemisia annua?

<p>Decoction involving high temperatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these compounds was developed later by Tu after her discovery of artemisinin?

<p>Dihydroartemisinin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Tu and her colleagues conduct a successful clinical trial for artemisinin?

<p>1973 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary source of the natural substance that led to the creation of ivermectin?

<p>Streptomyces avermitilis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant achievement did Tu accomplish in 2015?

<p>Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which properties did artemisinin target to kill the malaria parasite?

<p>Hemoglobin digestion interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Goodall's early research contribute to our understanding of chimpanzees?

<p>Revealed their tool-making abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which award did Tu receive that acknowledged her contributions to medicine?

<p>The Lasker Award (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of artemisinin that distinguished it from other antimalarial drugs?

<p>It is a sesquiterpene lactone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the microbiologist that contributed to developing ivermectin?

<p>Satoshi Omura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the annual reach of artemisinin combination therapy in treating malaria?

<p>198 million people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year marked the first public presentation of Jane Goodall's findings?

<p>1964 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait did Goodall discover about chimpanzees that was previously thought to be unique to humans?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did the Chinese Ministry of Health license dihydroartemisinin for use?

<p>1992 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Valentina Tereshkova known for in 1963?

<p>Flying in space as the first woman and first civilian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key invention did Patricia Bath complete in 1986?

<p>Laserphaco Probe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant position did Valentina Tereshkova accept in 1968?

<p>Member of the Supreme Soviet Presidium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how Stephen Hawking communicated after losing the use of his voice?

<p>A computer linked to a speech synthesizer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept did Stephen Hawking explore in his PhD thesis?

<p>Properties of expanding universes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main contributions of Patricia Bath to the field of ophthalmology?

<p>Community ophthalmology outreach programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Valentina Tereshkova complete her flight aboard Vostok 6?

<p>1963 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant milestone did Stephen Hawking achieve in 1979?

<p>Became Cambridge's Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideology did Patricia Bath advocate regarding eyesight?

<p>It should be considered a basic human right (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event precipitated Stephen Hawking's confinement to a wheelchair?

<p>Diagnosis of ALS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hawking predict about black holes in 1974?

<p>They emit heat and eventually evaporate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which outreach program did Patricia Bath establish in 1976?

<p>American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scientific term relating to gravitational phenomena was created in 1967?

<p>Black hole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Stephen Hawking's book 'A Brief History of Time'?

<p>Simple explanations of physics concepts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Artemisinin

A compound isolated by Tu Youyou that became the main malaria treatment worldwide.

Tu Youyou

A Chinese pharmacologist who discovered artemisinin, a crucial antimalarial drug.

Malaria

A disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, transmitted by mosquitoes.

Project 523

The Chinese government's secretive research project focused on finding new antimalarial drugs from traditional Chinese medicine.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine

A vast body of knowledge and practices in Chinese medicine, drawing from centuries of experience.

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Nobel Prize

A prestigious international award recognizing significant contributions to science.

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Plasmodium parasite

The single-celled parasite that causes malaria.

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Antimalarial drug

A medicine that combats malaria.

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Tu Youyou's discovery

Tu Youyou successfully isolated artemisinin from sweet wormwood, treating malaria in mice.

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Artemisinin's mechanism

Artemisinin damages the malaria parasite's membranes and disrupts its digestion of hemoglobin.

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Traditional Chinese medicine approach

Tu studied historical prescriptions to guide her research. using different preparation methods

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Low-temperature extraction

Tu used a gentler method to extract artemisinin, improving results.

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Artemisinin's chemical nature

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone, a unique chemical structure.

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Clinical trial success

Tu's experiments moved from animals to human clinical testing and proved safe & successful

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Dihydroartemisinin

A more potent form of artemisinin, allowing for lower dosage

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Ivermectin's origin

Ivermectin came from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis via research by Omura

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Omura's Nobel Prize

Omura won recognition for his significant contributions in drug development

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Wide testing before artemisinin

Many compounds were tested before finding artemisinin for malaria

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Ge Hong's handbook

A source of ancient herbal knowledge, inspiring Tu's method.

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Artemisinin combination therapy

Artemisinin is now commonly used in combination with other drugs to treat malaria.

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Importance of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Tu's work shows how traditional knowledge can lead to modern medicine.

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Valentina Tereshkova

First woman in space (1963)

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Vostok 6

Space capsule of Valentina Tereshkova's flight

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Patricia Bath

First US woman to lead ophthalmology residency

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Laserphaco Probe

Laser for precise cataract removal

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Stephen Hawking

Theoretical physicist, studied black holes

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Black Hole

Region of spacetime with extreme gravity

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Hawking Radiation

Heat emitted by black holes

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General theory of Relativity

Einstein's theory explaining gravity

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Singularity (cosmology)

Point of infinite density and smallness

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ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

Incurable motor neuron disease

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Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

Cambridge University's prestigious chair

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"A Brief History of Time"

Stephen Hawking's popular science book

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X-ray binaries

Stars close to star-forming regions

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Cosmonaut

Soviet/Russian astronaut

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PhD Thesis

Academic research paper for a doctorate

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Hawking Radiation

Radiation emitted by black holes due to quantum effects. Negatively charged particles fall into the black hole, while positively charged particles stream out.

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Black Hole Evaporation

The process where black holes lose energy and mass due to Hawking radiation.

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Event Horizon

The boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape.

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Roger Penrose

British mathematician and theoretical physicist known for work on black holes and the Big Bang.

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Theory of Relativity

Einstein's theory describing gravity and the universe on a large scale.

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Quantum Mechanics

Theory describing the universe on the smallest scale.

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Big Bang

The prevailing cosmological model for the universe's origin.

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Singularity

A point where the laws of physics break down, a point of extreme density.

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Stephen Hawking

Renowned physicist who made significant contributions to cosmology and black holes with work that combined insights into both large and small scales of the universe.

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A Brief History of Time

Stephen Hawking's popular science book explaining the universe.

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