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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between a list and a tuple in Python?
What mode is used to append to the end of a file in Python?
What is the purpose of a try-except block in Python?
What is the concept of inheritance in object-oriented programming?
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What is the purpose of the readline() method in Python?
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What is the concept of encapsulation in object-oriented programming?
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Study Notes
Data Structures
-
Lists: ordered, mutable, and can store different data types
- Indexing: access elements using square brackets
[]and an index (starts at 0) - Slicing: extract a subset of elements using
start:stop:stepsyntax - Methods:
append(),insert(),extend(),remove(),pop(),sort(),reverse()
- Indexing: access elements using square brackets
-
Tuples: ordered, immutable, and can store different data types
- Similar to lists, but cannot be modified after creation
-
Dictionaries: unordered, mutable, and store key-value pairs
- Access values using square brackets
[]and a key - Methods:
keys(),values(),items(),get(),update()
- Access values using square brackets
-
Sets: unordered, mutable, and store unique elements
- Methods:
add(),remove(),union(),intersection(),difference()
- Methods:
File Input/Output
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Reading files:
-
open()function: opens a file and returns a file object -
read()method: reads the entire file as a string -
readline()method: reads a single line from the file -
readlines()method: reads all lines from the file as a list of strings
-
-
Writing files:
-
open()function: opens a file and returns a file object -
write()method: writes a string to the file -
writelines()method: writes a list of strings to the file
-
-
Modes:
-
r: read mode (default) -
w: write mode (truncates the file if it exists) -
a: append mode (adds to the end of the file) -
x: create mode (fails if the file already exists) -
b: binary mode (for reading and writing binary files)
-
Exception Handling
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Try-except block:
-
tryclause: code that might raise an exception -
exceptclause: code to handle the exception
-
-
Types of exceptions:
-
SyntaxError: syntax error in the code -
NameError: undefined variable or function -
TypeError: incorrect data type -
IOError: input/output error -
ValueError: invalid or unsupported value
-
-
Raising exceptions:
-
raisestatement: manually raises an exception -
assertstatement: raises an exception if the condition is false
-
Object-Oriented Programming
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Classes:
- Define a blueprint for creating objects
- Contain attributes (data) and methods (functions)
-
Objects:
- Instances of a class
- Have their own set of attributes and methods
-
Inheritance:
- A child class inherits attributes and methods from a parent class
- Can also override or extend parent class behavior
-
Polymorphism:
- Objects of different classes can be treated as objects of a common superclass
- Methods can be overridden or overloaded to provide different behavior
-
Encapsulation:
- Hiding internal implementation details from the outside world
- Accessing attributes and methods through a controlled interface
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Description
Test your knowledge of Python programming basics, including data structures, file input/output, exception handling, and object-oriented programming concepts.
