Python Employee Class Concepts

A class inheriting properties from a single parent class. It reuses code from the original class and adds new features.

A class inheriting properties from multiple parent classes. It combines features from all parents, making it powerful.

A class inheriting properties from a derived class, forming a chain of inheritance. It builds on previous inheritances.

The ability of a function or method to have multiple forms, meaning it can perform different actions depending on the context or the arguments it receives.

In Python, the + operator acts as both arithmetic addition for numbers and string concatenation. This demonstrates polymorphism because the same operator has multiple functionalities based on the data type.

When a child class inherits a method from the parent class and redefines it with a specific implementation, it's called method overriding. This allows child classes to customize behaviors while maintaining the same method name.

An object that represents a real-world entity, like a student or a school, designed to hold data and methods related to that entity.

A blueprint or template for creating objects, defining the properties and behaviors (methods) that objects of that class will have.

A programming concept where data and methods are bundled within a class. It hides internal details from external access, promoting data protection and code organization.

Special methods used to access and modify class attributes. 'Getters' retrieve attribute values, while 'Setters' update them, controlling access to internal data.

In object-oriented programming, a class can inherit characteristics and behaviors from another class, called the parent class. This promotes code reuse and streamlined development.

A programming technique where a class inherits properties from a parent class and adds its own unique features, extending the functionality of the parent class.

When a child class overrides a method inherited from a parent class. It allows specializing behavior for the child class, even though it shares the method name.

In programming, a private access modifier restricts access to a class member (variable or method) from outside the class itself. It enforces encapsulation, ensuring data integrity and preventing accidental modification.

In programming, a protected access modifier allows access to a class member (variable or method) from within the same class and its subclasses (child classes). It balances encapsulation with inheritance, allowing controlled access within a family of related classes.

The process of hiding internal implementation details of an object, while exposing only the necessary functionalities to interact with it. It simplifies the user's interaction and promotes code maintainability.

A getter method provides a controlled way to retrieve the value of a private member variable. It ensures that the data is retrieved safely and consistently.

A setter method provides a controlled way to modify the value of a private member variable. It allows data validation and controlled updates, preventing unauthorized or incorrect modifications.

Closing a file in Python frees up resources tied to it. This is done using the close() method, which is crucial for good programming practices. The file remains open until explicitly closed.

The with open(...) as ...: syntax in Python automatically closes files after their usage, making it a convenient and reliable way to handle file operations. It ensures resources are released even if errors occur.

Writing to a file in Python is done using the w mode in the open() function. This overwrites existing content or creates a new file if it doesn't exist.

Appending to a file in Python uses the a mode in the open() function. It preserves existing content and adds new data to the end of the file.

The read() method in Python reads data from a file. It can take an optional argument, count, to specify how many bytes to read. If no argument is provided, it reads the entire file.

The read() method in Python is often used within a loop to process file content line by line. This is useful for handling large files or for sequentially extracting information.

The read() method can cause an error if the file doesn't exist. It's essential to handle such scenarios using error handling mechanisms.

File operations in Python involve opening files in different modes: 'r' for reading, 'w' for writing, and 'a' for appending. Each mode results in different file behavior.

An abstract class in Python is a special type of class that cannot be instantiated (you cannot create direct objects from it). It serves as a blueprint for other classes, defining common attributes and methods that subclasses will inherit. Abstract classes are designed to provide a general framework for a family of related classes. They are used to enforce certain structural requirements or common behaviors across all subclasses. For example, an abstract class Shape might define an abstract method calculate_area(), which is expected to be implemented differently by subclasses representing various shapes like Circle and Square.

Abstract methods are methods declared within an abstract class but left without implementation (body). These methods are meant to be implemented by the concrete subclasses that inherit from the abstract class. Abstract methods are marked with the @abstractmethod decorator from the abc module. They act as placeholders for specific behaviour that subclasses must define in their respective implementations.

Python's abc module (Abstract Base Classes) provides the foundation for creating and working with abstract classes. The @abstractmethod decorator is part of this module. The abc module ensures that subclasses fully implement the abstract methods inherited from their parent abstract class. This helps in maintaining consistency and enforcing a common structure among related classes.

When a subclass inherits from an abstract class, it must provide specific implementations for all the abstract methods defined in the parent class. Failure to do so will result in an error during program execution. This ensures that subclasses adhere to the blueprint provided by the abstract class.

Subclassing allows you to create new classes that inherit the properties and methods of their parent class. This provides code reusability and allows you to build upon existing structures. Inheritance with abstract classes helps ensure that subclasses conform to a defined interface and share common functionalities defined in the abstract class.

Abstract classes are useful in scenarios where you want to define a common interface for a group of related classes, but the implementation details might differ between subclasses. For example, an abstract class Animal could define methods like eat() and sleep(), but each subclass (like Cat or Dog) would implement these methods according to its specific behaviour. Abstract classes help to enforce consistency and structure while allowing for flexible implementations.

An abstract class acts as a template for other classes, defining the structure for common functionality. Subclasses inherit this structure and fill in the specific details, providing flexibility in implementation while maintaining a consistent interface. Abstract classes are useful in designing large projects where code organization and maintainability are crucial.