Python Classes and Objects
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a class in Python?

A class is a collection of objects, representing a logical entity that contains attributes and methods.

How are attributes accessed in a Python class?

Attributes are accessed using the dot (.) operator.

What is the purpose of the init function in Python classes?

The init function is used as a constructor method which is automatically called when a new object is created. It is responsible for initializing the attributes of the class.

What is the significance of the self parameter in Python classes?

<p>The self parameter refers to the instance of the class itself and is a reference to the current object. It is used to access variables and methods within the class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the purpose of the str function in Python classes.

<p>The <strong>str</strong> function is used to define a printable string representation of an object. It provides a way to control how an object is represented as a string.</p> Signup and view all the answers

To create an object in Python, the syntax involves using ______.

<p>class_name()</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which keyword is used to create a new class in Python?

<p>class</p> Signup and view all the answers

The init function in Python classes is optional.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parameter should be added in the init() function of the Student class according to Experiment #5?

<p>year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the + operator do on string data types?

<p>Concatenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is added to the Student class in Experiment #5?

<p>welcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a method in the child class has the same name as a function in the parent class, will the inheritance of the parent method be overridden?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the multiplication operation: $10 * 5$?

<p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the multiplication operation on a number and a string: $3 * 'Python'$?

<p>PythonPythonPython</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Experiment #1 of Python Inheritance, what type of inheritance is demonstrated when a derived class inherits from only one base class? [Single or ______]

<p>Single inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance is depicted when a child class inherits from multiple parent classes?

<p>Multiple inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method in Python involves redefining certain methods and attributes to fit a child class?

<p>Method Overriding</p> Signup and view all the answers

To create a new file in Python, the 'open()' method is used with the parameter '____'.

<p>x</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Python inheritance types with their descriptions:

<p>Single inheritance = Derived class inherits from only one base class Multiple inheritance = Derived class inherits from multiple parent classes Multilevel inheritance = Derived class inherits another derived class Hierarchical inheritance = More than one derived class created from a single base Hybrid inheritance = Combines more than one inheritance type</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function for working with files in Python?

<p>open</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for operator overloading in Python?

<p>Polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the file opening modes in Python with their descriptions:

<p>r = Opens a file for reading a = Opens a file for appending w = Opens a file for writing x = Creates the specified file, returns an error if the file exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polymorphism in Python allows you to execute different operations with the same operator depending on the operands. (True/False)

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function in Python can be used with different data types and estimates an object's length?

<p>len</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Python, what is the purpose of a getter method?

<p>To retrieve the value of a private attribute</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abstraction in object-oriented programming helps reduce complexity and increase efficiency.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abbreviation for 'Numerical Python'?

<p>NumPy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 0-D array also known as?

<p>Scalar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key attribute in NumPy Arrays to determine the number of dimensions?

<p>ndim</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you access the first element of an array in Python using NumPy?

<p>arr[0]</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does negative indexing refer to in NumPy Arrays?

<p>Accessing an array from the end using negative numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you specify a step when slicing elements in a NumPy Array?

<p>arr[start:end:step]</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'random' module in NumPy?

<p>To work with random numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pandas, what does a Series represent?

<p>A column in a table</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used in Pandas to return specified row(s) from a DataFrame?

<p>loc</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primarily used library for plotting in Python mentioned in the content?

<p>Matplotlib</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which submodule of Matplotlib is usually imported under the alias plt?

<p>pyplot</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function used in Matplotlib to draw points in a diagram?

<p>plot()</p> Signup and view all the answers

Matplotlib's plot() function by default draws individual points without connecting them with lines.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Matplotlib's plot() function takes two arrays as parameters specifying the points on the ___ and the ___.

<p>x-axis, y-axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you pull the 'Apples' wedge from the center of the pie using Matplotlib?

<p>By setting the explode parameter to 0.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: You can add a shadow to a pie chart in Matplotlib by setting the shadows parameter to True.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter can be used to set the colors of each wedge in a pie chart?

<p>colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

You can use __ values, color names, or shortcuts like 'r', 'g', 'b' to specify colors in Matplotlib.

<p>Hexadecimal color</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following color shortcuts with their corresponding colors:

<p>'r' = Red 'g' = Green 'b' = Blue 'c' = Cyan 'm' = Magenta 'y' = Yellow 'k' = Black 'w' = White</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you add a legend to a pie chart in Matplotlib?

<p>By using the legend() function</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or False: A title parameter can be added to the legend function in Matplotlib to include a header.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function is used in Matplotlib to set a label for the x-axis?

<p>xlabel()</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function is used in Matplotlib to set a label for the y-axis?

<p>ylabel()</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be specified using the fontdict parameter in the xlabel() and ylabel() functions?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

The loc parameter is used with the xlabel() function in Matplotlib.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bar() function takes the keyword argument ______ to set the color of the bars.

<p>color</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan

Lab Manual Overview

  • The lab manual is designed to teach students about Object-Oriented Paradigm (OOP) using Python.
  • Students will learn about encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Required Tools and Resources

  • Pycharm is the required tool.

Rules and Policies

  • Rules for lab sessions:
    • Attend lab sessions on time.
    • Bring your notebook and laptop.
    • No food or beverages allowed in the lab.
    • Interact with lab supervisors and ask questions.
    • Maintain silence and discipline.
    • Log in to your computer using your student account.
    • Complete lab exercises.
    • Clean up after lab sessions.
  • Attendance policy:
    • Attendance is required.
    • Absence from lab sessions is recorded.
    • Absence warning system is in place.
  • Grading policy:
    • Lab supervisor records progress during lab sessions.
    • Assignments are submitted.
    • Final lab grade is based on overall performance.

Learning Outcomes

  • ILO1-k: Understand advanced topics in object-oriented programming in Python.
  • ILO2-k: Knowledge of Python programming language structure and model.
  • ILO3-s: Ability to use Python libraries for artificial intelligence and machine learning.
  • ILO4-s: Write Python programs using NumPy, matplotlib, and pandas.
  • ILO5-c: Implement programs using OOP concepts.
  • ILO6-c: Write programs using common libraries for AI.

Exercise 1: Python Classes and Objects

  • Class definition syntax: class class_name: ...
  • Attributes are variables that belong to a class.
  • Attributes are public and can be accessed using the dot (.) operator.
  • ClassDocstring: a brief description of the class.
  • Creating an object: my_object = MyClass()
  • State, behavior, and identity of an object: example of a class Dog.

Exercise 2: The __init__() Function, The self Parameter, and The __str__() Function

  • Method: a function associated with an object.
  • self is a pointer to the current object.
  • __init__() function: initializes the object's attributes.
  • __str__() function: returns a string representation of the object.
  • Experiment 1: creating a Person class with __init__() and myfunc() methods.
  • Experiment 2: using the __str__() function.
  • Experiment 3: using mysillyobject and abc instead of self.

Exercise 3: Accessing Attributes and Methods

  • Attributes and methods are accessed using the dot (.) operator.
  • Modifying properties on objects: my_object.age = 40
  • Deleting object properties: del my_object.age
  • Deleting objects: del my_object
  • The pass statement: when a class definition has no content.

Exercise 4: Python Inheritance

  • Inheritance: a class that inherits all the methods and properties from another class.
  • Parent class: the class being inherited from.
  • Child class: the class that inherits from another class.
  • Syntax: class ChildClass(ParentClass): ...
  • Experiment 1: creating a Person class and a Student class that inherits from Person.
  • Experiment 2: using the super() function.
  • Experiment 3: adding properties and methods to the Student class.

Exercise 5: Different types of Python Inheritance

  • Single inheritance: a child class inherits from only one parent class.
  • Multiple inheritances: a child class inherits from multiple parent classes.
  • Multilevel inheritance: a child class inherits from a parent class that inherits from another class.
  • Hierarchical inheritance: more than one derived class is created from a single base class.
  • Hybrid inheritance: a combination of multiple types of inheritance.

Exercise 6: Python Polymorphism:1

  • Polymorphism: methods/functions/operators with the same name that can be executed on many objects or classes.
  • Class polymorphism: methods with the same name in different classes.
  • Experiment 1: different classes with the same method: Car, Boat, and Plane classes with move() methods.
  • Experiment 2: inheritance class polymorphism.### Classes and Objects
  • A class called Vehicle can be created with child classes Car, Boat, and Plane that inherit its properties and methods.
  • The Car class can be empty, but it still inherits brand, model, and move() from Vehicle.
  • The Boat and Plane classes also inherit brand, model, and move() from Vehicle, but they override the move() method.
  • Polymorphism allows for executing the same method for all classes, even if they have different implementations.

Polymorphism

  • Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on multiple forms.
  • It allows for different classes to respond to the same method call.
  • Polymorphism can be achieved through method overriding, where a child class provides a different implementation of a method inherited from its parent class.

Operator Overloading

  • Operator overloading is a type of polymorphism where the same operator performs different operations depending on the operands.
  • Examples of operator overloading include:
    • The + operator, which can be used for arithmetic addition, string concatenation, or list extension.
    • The * operator, which can be used for multiplication or string repetition.

File Handling

  • The open() function is used to create a new file or open an existing file.
  • The open() function takes two parameters: the filename and the mode (e.g., r for read, w for write, a for append, x for create).
  • The open() function can be used with various modes, such as r for reading, w for writing, and a for appending.
  • The close() function is used to close a file.

Encapsulation

  • Encapsulation is the concept of hiding the implementation details of an object from the outside world.
  • Encapsulation is achieved through the use of private and public members.
  • Private members are denoted by a single underscore (_) and can only be accessed within the class.
  • Public members are denoted by no underscore and can be accessed from outside the class.
  • Getter and setter methods are used to access and modify private members.
  • The @property decorator is used to define a getter method.
  • The @property_name.setter decorator is used to define a setter method.

Abstraction

  • Abstraction is the concept of showing only the necessary information to the outside world while hiding the implementation details.
  • Abstraction is achieved through the use of abstract classes and interfaces.
  • An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and is used as a base class for other classes.
  • An abstract class must have at least one abstract method.
  • An abstract method is a method that is declared but not implemented.
  • A concrete class is a class that provides an implementation for all the abstract methods of its parent class.

NumPy Modules

  • NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays.
  • NumPy is used to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster than traditional Python lists.
  • The array object in NumPy is called ndarray.
  • NumPy can be installed using pip: pip install numpy.
  • NumPy can be imported using import numpy as np.
  • NumPy arrays can be created using the array() function.
  • NumPy arrays can be 0-D, 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D.
  • The ndim attribute returns the number of dimensions of a NumPy array.
  • Array indexing is used to access elements of a NumPy array.
  • Accessing elements of a 2-D or 3-D array requires using comma-separated integers representing the dimension and the index of the element.Here are the study notes in detailed bullet points:
  • Experiment #14: Accessing the third element of the second array of the first array*
  • Use arr[0, 1, 2] to access the third element of the second array of the first array
  • The first number represents the first dimension, which contains two arrays
  • The second number represents the second dimension, which also contains two arrays
  • The third number represents the third dimension, which contains three values
  • Negative Indexing*
  • Use negative indexing to access an array from the end
  • Example: arr[1, -1] returns the last element of the 2nd dimension
  • NumPy Array Slicing*
  • Slicing in Python means taking elements from one given index to another given index
  • Use [*start*:*end*] to specify the range
  • Use [*start*:*end*:*step*] to specify the step
  • If you don't pass start, it's considered 0
  • If you don't pass end, it's considered the length of the array in that dimension
  • If you don't pass step, it's considered 1
  • Experiment #1-#8: Array Slicing*
  • Examples of slicing:
    • arr[1:5] returns elements from index 1 to 5 (excluding 5)
    • arr[4:] returns elements from index 4 to the end
    • arr[:4] returns elements from the beginning to index 4 (excluding 4)
    • arr[1:5:2] returns every other element from index 1 to 5 (excluding 5)
  • Generate Random Number*
  • Use from numpy import random to work with random numbers
  • Example: x = random.randint(100) generates a random integer from 0 to 100
  • Pandas Tutorial*
  • Pandas is a Python library for data analysis
  • Pandas can:
    • Analyze data
    • Delete rows that are not relevant or contain wrong values
    • Clean data
  • The source code for Pandas is located on GitHub
  • Experiment #1-#10: Pandas*
  • Examples of using Pandas:
    • Creating a DataFrame from a dictionary
    • Creating a Series from a list
    • Adding labels to a DataFrame
    • Locating rows and columns in a DataFrame
    • Loading files into a DataFrame
    • Plotting data using Matplotlib
  • Matplotlib*
  • Matplotlib is a low-level graph plotting library in Python
  • Matplotlib is used for visualization
  • Examples of using Matplotlib:
    • Plotting x and y points
    • Plotting without lines
    • Using markers (e.g., 'o' for circle, '*' for star)
    • Using formats (e.g., 'o:r' for circle marker with red color)
    • Setting marker size and color
    • Setting line style and color
    • Using hexadecimal color values and color names

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Description

Quiz about the basics of Python classes, objects, and their attributes. Understand the purpose of the init and str functions, and how to access attributes in Python classes.

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