24 Questions
What is the effect of pyrethrins on the nervous systems of insects?
They attack the nervous system, causing paralysis and rapid knockdown.
What is one of the uses of pyrethrins in veterinary medicine?
Ectoparasiticide
What is the advantage of pyrethrins in terms of environmental safety?
They are biodegradable and decompose easily on exposure to light.
What is the form in which pyrethrins are often used in agriculture?
Powder
What is the mechanism of action of pyrethrins in controlling insects?
They attack the nervous system, causing paralysis and rapid knockdown.
What is one of the uses of pyrethrins in human medicine?
Treatment of head lice and scabies
What is the advantage of pyrethrins compared to synthetic insecticides?
They are less toxic to mammals and birds, and are biodegradable.
What is the effect of pyrethrins on fish?
They are highly toxic to fish.
What is the main sesquiterpene lactone bitter principle in the powder?
Santonin
What is the effect of light on santonin?
It converts santonin to chromosantonin
What is the mode of action of santonin on worms?
It paralyzes the anterior end of the worm
What is the effect of using a purgative in conjunction with santonin?
It helps to pass the worm out of the body
What is the characteristic of the pollen grains in the powder?
They are spheroidal
What is the purpose of using Kaselbach test in the identification of the powder?
To identify the presence of santonin
What is the effect of adding drops of conc. H2SO4 and FeCl3 to the benzene extract residue?
It produces a reddish-violet color
What is the use of the powder in medicine?
As an anthelminthic to expel round worms
What is the rate of knock-down of blow flies when testing for insecticidal activity?
All flies must fall down within 30 seconds
What is the botanical origin of Santonica flower?
Dried unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia cina
What is the geographical origin of Santonica flower?
China, Kazakhstan, and Turkestan
What is the characteristic of the flowers of Santonica?
Actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, calyx is absent, 5 united petals
What is the purpose of the Williamson reagent in testing Santonica flower?
To produce a crimson red color reaction
What is the common name of the plant from which Santonica flower is derived?
Levant wormseed
What is the significance of the test for insecticidal activity in Santonica flower?
To test its efficacy against scabies and head lice
What is the purpose of biological testing in Santonica flower?
To test its insecticidal activity
Study Notes
Flowers
- Have a slightly aromatic odor and a bitter, acrid taste
- Active constituents include:
- Two groups of esters: Pyrethrin I, jasmolin I, and cinerin I (esters of chrysanthemic acid), and Pyrethrin II, jasmolin II, and cinerin II (esters of pyrethric acid)
- Volatile oils
- Resins
Microscopic Elements
- T-shaped hair
- Compositae hair
- Spherical spiny pollen grains
Uses
- Insecticide (pest control in agriculture)
- Treatment of head lice and scabies
- Ectoparasiticide in veterinary medicine
Mechanism of Action
- Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of insects, causing paralysis and rapid knockdown
- Harmful to fish, but low mammalian toxicity and biodegradable
Physical Characters of Powder
- Color: grayish-green
- Odor: aromatic
- Taste: bitter camphoraceous
Characteristic Microscopic Elements
- Spheroidal pollen grains
- Cottony hair
- Compositae hair
Santonica Flower (Levant Wormseed)
- Botanical origin: dried unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia cina, family Asteraceae
- Geographical origin: China, Kazakhstan, and Turkestan
Active Constituents
- Sesquiterpene lactone bitter principles: santonin (main)
- Volatile oils
Uses
- Anthelminthic to expel roundworms (Ascaris)
Mode of Action
- Santonin paralyzes the anterior end of the worm, while stimulating the posterior end, causing the worm to lose its ability to maintain its position in the host
This quiz covers the active constituents of pyrethrin, including esters of chrysanthemic acid and pyrethric acid, and their components. Learn about pyrethrin I, jasmolin I, cinerin I, pyrethrin II, jasmolin II, and cinerin II.
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