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Questions and Answers
What primary mechanism contributes to the increase in pulpal blood flow following electrical tooth stimulation?
Which receptor type is responsible for the vasoconstriction observed in the dental pulp?
What is the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NE (Nor-epinephrine) in the dental pulp?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the modulation of pulpal blood flow?
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What effect does acetylcholine (ACh) have on pulpal blood flow?
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Which of the following best describes the influence of systemic blood pressure on pulpal blood flow?
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Which substance released from sensory nerve fibers is primarily responsible for vasodilatation in the dental pulp?
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Which factor contributes to the 'stealing' of dental perfusion pressure in the context of adjacent inflammatory processes?
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What is the primary substance released from sensory nerve fibers that induces vasodilatation?
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Which of the following is a vasodilatory substance found in CGRP negative sensory afferent nerve fibers in the pulp?
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What role does ACh play in the regulation of blood flow?
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⭐️What is one of the factors that ACh-induced vasodilation depends on?
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Which of the following best describes the interaction between ACh and nitric oxide in blood flow regulation?
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In addition to ACh, which other neurotransmitter or factor is known to influence vasodilation in tissues?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the dental pulp?
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⭐️What neuropeptide ⭐️coexists⭐️ with acetylcholine (ACh) in postganglionic neurons?
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In which species has vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) been demonstrated to cause vasodilatation and increase in pulpal blood flow?
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Which of the following best describes the role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in relation to ACh?
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What is the probable effect of VIP in the dental pulp?
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Study Notes
Pulpal Blood Flow Regulation
- Pulpal blood flow (PBF) is maintained in a state of partial constriction due to neuronal, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms.
- PBF is passively influenced by systemic blood pressure changes, meaning there is no autoregulation.
- Vasodilation in surrounding tissues, such as gingiva and periodontal structures, can cause a drop in PBF by "stealing" perfusion pressure from the dental pulp.
- Sympathetic nervous system has little to no vasoconstrictor tone at rest in the pulp.
- Sensory neuropeptide release from sensory nerves provides a neuronal vasodilatory tone.
- α-adrenergic receptors are found within the pulp, stimulating them causes vasoconstriction and reduced PBF, partially reversed by α-receptor blockade.
- Neuropeptide Y (NPY), colocalized with norepinephrine (NE) in the pulpal sympathetic nerve fibers, also contributes to vasoconstriction.
- Electrical tooth stimulation causes an increase in PBF due to sensory neuropeptide release and subsequent vasodilation.
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the primary mediator of vasodilatation released from sensory nerve fibers.
- Glutamate, present in CGRP-negative sensory afferent nerve fibers, exhibits vasodilatory effects.
- Sympathetic modulation of sensory neuropeptide release occurs in the dental pulp through presynaptic α-receptors on sensory nerve terminals, attenuating vasodilator release.
- Muscarinic receptors are present in the pulp, with acetylcholine (ACh) causing vasodilatation and increased blood flow.
- ACh-induced vasodilation is partially reliant on nitric oxide (NO) production.
- Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), colocalized with ACh in postganglionic neurons, is found in the dental pulp and causes vasodilatation and increased PBF.
- Research on parasympathetic nerve-evoked vasodilatation in the cat dental pulp shows conflicting results, leaving some uncertainty regarding pulpal vascular responses to parasympathetic neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters and Vasodilation
- Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neurotransmitter released from sensory nerve fibers, leading to vasodilation.
- Glutamate is another vasodilator, present in sensory afferent nerve fibers in the pulp that do not contain CGRP.
- Experimental conditions demonstrate that glutamate applied to the pulp induces vasodilation.
Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter and Vasodilation
- Acetylcholine (ACh), a parasympathetic neurotransmitter, causes vasodilation, leading to increased blood flow within tissues.
- The vasodilation induced by ACh is partially dependent on the production of nitric oxide (NO).
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)
- VIP is a neuropeptide with potential neurotransmitter function.
- It coexists with acetylcholine (ACh) in postganglionic neurons.
- VIP is found in the dental pulp.
- VIP has been shown to cause vasodilation and increase in blood flow in cats.
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