Pulmonary Volumes Quiz

Substances that trigger allergic reactions, including cold air, fine airborne particles, air pollution, chemical fumes, GERD, and aspirin.

Narrowing of the airways in response to a trigger, reducing airway diameter to limit exposure.

A key process in asthma where the airways become inflamed and swollen in response to triggers.

The initial response to an asthma trigger, appearing within 30 minutes and involving increased capillary permeability, edema, mucus production, and airway narrowing.

The secondary response to an asthma trigger, occurring 4-8 hours after the early phase, marked by increased airway hyperresponsiveness, mediator release (especially from eosinophils), tissue damage, and airway remodeling.

An increased sensitivity of the airways to triggers, leading to bronchoconstriction even with minimal exposure.

Long-term inflammation causing damage and hyperplasia (growth) of bronchial cells and smooth muscle, leading to permanent structural changes.

Repeated exposures to triggering agents/events can trigger even more severe asthma attacks, over time.

A condition resulting from severe chronic asthma, where the right side of the heart is damaged due to lung tissue damage.

A chronic lung disease characterized by permanent widening and damage of the airways, often due to infection.

Conditions that increase the risk of developing bronchiectasis, including infections, aspiration, immune disorders, and obstructions.

Chronic airway obstruction, reduced gas exchange, inflammation, abscess formation, empyema, and potential secondary infections.

An infectious disease caused by bacteria, primarily affecting the lungs.

Factors increasing the likelihood of contracting or developing active TB, such as close contact with an infected person, HIV, living conditions, and specific demographics.

Inhaled TB bacteria multiply in lung tissue, initially triggering a local response. Weakened immunity can lead to active TB development.

An infection where the bacteria are present but not actively causing disease.

Pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, and phospholipase break down fats.

Secrete bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.

Bile emulsifies fats into tiny droplets, thus increasing the surface area for lipase action.

Occurs continuously from hepatocytes into bile canaliculi.

Stores bile, concentrating it up to 5-20 times.

Caused by too much water absorption, bile acid or cholesterol in bile.

Fatty foods in duodenum, triggering CCK release.

Duodenum inhibits stomach emptying via enterogastric reflexes.

Originates from abdominal prevertebral ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia).

Postganglionic fibers emerge from spinal cord segments T5 to L2.

Sympathetic fibers travel through sympathetic chains to the gut.

A mesh of neurons regulating GI tract function.

Controls gut muscle activity (contractions).

Located in the submucosa of the gut wall.

Controls local conditions like secretions, transport.

Promotes GI activity, moving food through the gut.

Inhibit GI activity, reducing blood flow.

Hormones like CCK, GIP, GLP-1, and PPY slow gastric emptying.

A lung disease characterized by reduced lung expansion and decreased lung volume.

A lung disease that gets worse over time, often with little relief. The lung is scarred and stiff.

Cells lose control over growth and activity; can cause uncontrolled inflammation and fibrosis.

Cells lining the air sacs in the lungs.

A protein that accumulates between lung tissues and walls, obstructing gas exchange.

Stimulants that boost scar tissue formation.

Thickening of lung tissue, leading to stiffness and decreased elasticity.

A progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction and chronic inflammation.

A gene responsible for producing a protein that regulates salt and water transport across cell membranes, primarily in lungs.

A genetic pattern where a child needs two copies of a faulty gene—one from each parent—to inherit the disorder.

Present with two different mutated forms of a gene.

A genetic disease affecting the exocrine glands, such as those in the lungs and digestive system.

Rupture of a hollow abdominal organ; often a complication of inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy.

Bowel contents irritate the peritoneum, potentially causing air (pneumoperitoneum) to be visible on imaging.

Air in the peritoneal cavity. Indicates a possible perforation of a hollow organ such as the bowel.

Mesenteric ischemia or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Ruptured ectopic pregnancy or ovarian torsion.

Ureteral colic or pyelonephritis (kidney infection).

Difficulty swallowing.

Difficulty moving food from mouth to esophagus, often causing coughing.

Food not going down, sensation of something stuck, or globus sensation.

Stomach contents refluxing into the esophagus, causing irritation.

Abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), esophageal motility, gastric motility or emptying.

Increased abdominal pressure (e.g., vomiting, coughing, lifting, obesity, pregnancy) can worsen GERD.

Stomach acid exposure damages the esophageal lining, leading to pro-inflammatory cells and cytokines.

Can lead to asthma, chronic cough, laryngitis, esophageal cancer (Barret's esophagus).

Inflammation of the stomach lining.