Pulmonary Volumes Overview

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath, approximately 500 mL.

Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute, calculated by multiplying tidal volume by respiratory rate.

Extra air inhaled beyond a normal breath.

Extra air exhaled after a normal breath.

Air remaining in lungs after forceful exhalation.

Speed of air exhaled during the middle of a forced exhalation.

Air expelled in the first second of a forced exhalation.

Tidal volume minus dead space volume.

A low-pressure, high-flow system of blood vessels that oxygenates the blood in the lungs.

The ratio of ventilation (airflow) to perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs, crucial for gas exchange.

The process of oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release in the lungs.

Gaseous exchange process relies heavily on pressure differences, surface area, and solubility of the gases.

A lipoprotein that reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.

Excess fluid in the lungs, reducing gas exchange efficiency, associated with low V/Q.

A condition where alveoli collapse, reducing gas exchange and a key role of surfactant.

Carbon dioxide's high solubility influences its diffusion rate better than oxygen.

A primary inspiratory area of the respiratory center that does not change breathing rhythm, only pattern.

A progressive increase in firing rate and number of firing neurons, creating smooth lung filling.

Respiratory control system that responds to increased CO2 and H+ levels in the blood

Specialized sensors that respond mainly to decreased oxygen.

Problems that narrow airways, reducing airflow.

Permanent enlargement of alveoli and damage occurring in lung tissue.

Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, Increased FRC and RV, Increased TLC

Decreased VC, FEV1, PERF, FRC, RV, TLV, Normal FEV1/FVC

A lung disease characterized by reduced lung expansion and decreased lung volume related to fibrotic changes.

A mutation in the gene that controls chloride and bicarbonate transport in the lungs, causing cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning both parents must carry a mutated gene.

A diverse range of factors including gene-environment interactions, smoking, exposure to irritants, certain drugs, viral infections, and vaping, can lead to restrictive lung disease.

The CFTR protein facilitates the movement of chloride and bicarbonate ions, and influences sodium transport affecting mucus consistency.

Starts with cellular regulation problems, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, and scars in the lungs and impacting gas exchange.

Symptoms start with gradual breathlessness while exercising, a dry cough, and fatigue.

Eventually, function deteriorates, low blood oxygen, bluish skin (cyanosis), and swollen fingers (clubbing).

Connective tissue layer covering regions not covered by peritoneum.

Fold of membrane attaching intestine to abdominal wall, holding it in place and supplying blood/lymph.

Largest serous membrane in the human body, including ligaments, omentum, and mesenteries.

Four layers of peritoneum created when the mesentery folds against itself, in the abdominal cavity.

Peripheral nervous system component regulating involuntary processes (e.g., heart rate, digestion).

Part of the ANS that promotes motility (movement) in organs like esophagus, stomach, and pancreas.

Cranial nerve with extensive innervation of esophagus, stomach, and pancreas, influencing motility.

Spinal cord segments innervating the distal half of the large intestine (sigmoid, rectum, anus).

Initiated by distension of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), irritated duodenal mucosa, acidic chyme, high osmolarity of chyme, and presence of proteins/fats.

Strong inhibition of propulsive contractions in the pyloric region of the stomach, and increased tone of the pyloric sphincter.

The ileocecal valve prevents backflow from the large intestine (colon) into the small intestine (ileum).

Localized, concentric contractions in the small intestine, occurring in intervals and driven by slow waves for short periods of time; aim to mix chyme.

Propulsive contractions in the small intestine, moving chyme at a slow pace (approximately 1 cm/minute).

Secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize gastric acid in the duodenum in response to stimuli: tactile, irritating stimuli, vagal stimulation, and GI hormones.

Secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the mucosal lining of the small intestine.

Enterocytes secrete a large amount of water and electrolytes, which are later reabsorbed along with the digested products.