Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Quiz

Measures how well gas moves from alveoli to erythrocytes in pulmonary circulation.

Maximum air inspired, combining tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.

Air remaining in lungs after normal exhalation, comprising expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.

Maximum exhaled air after maximal inhalation, sum of IRV, TV, and ERV.

Maximum lung volume, including tidal volume, inspiratory & expiratory reserve volumes, and residual volume.

Maximum exhaled air as fast as possible after maximal inhalation.

Conditions impacting the flow of air out of lungs; FRC is often increased.

Conditions limiting lung expansion; TLC is often reduced.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a serious lung condition causing fluid buildup in the lungs, hindering oxygen absorption.

ARDS is usually preceded by another injury (like ALI) and is driven by the inflammatory response, especially a cytokine storm.

The inflammatory process in ARDS causes the release of harmful substances, damaging lung tissues and interfering with gas exchange.

ARDS damages both epithelial and endothelial cells in the lungs, leading to scarring and decreased lung compliance.

Hyaline membranes formed in ARDS reduce gas exchange as they block air passage within the alveoli, impeding oxygen transfer.

The loss of surfactant in ARDS reduces lung elasticity and makes breathing more difficult.

Extensive fibrosis in ARDS results in permanent lung damage, impairing lung function.

As alveolar volume decreases in ARDS it leads to lower amounts of air in the lungs.

Atelectasis is a collapse or closure of lung regions in ARDS, further compromising the ability to exchange gases.

A specific enzyme that helps digest fats within the pancreas.

Pancreatic cells that secrete bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Breaks down large fat particles for easier digestion by pancreatic lipase; aids fat absorption.

Constant secretion of bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin, and bilirubin by hepatocytes into bile canaliculi.

Stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the small intestine.

Formation of hard deposits in the gallbladder due to too much water absorption, bile acid or cholesterol.

Duodenum controls the rate of stomach emptying through inhibitory effects.

A type of lung cancer that is more responsive to treatment than small cell lung cancer.

A specific type of non-small cell lung cancer.

Another specific type of non-small cell lung cancer.

A type of aggressive non-small cell lung cancer.

A type of lung cancer less responsive to treatment.

A change in a normal cell to a cancer cell.

Substances that cause cancer.

A major risk factor for lung cancer, associated with 85% of lung cancer deaths.

The entire digestive system from mouth to anus.

The digestive tract, consisting of the organs involved in digestion.

The main functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Movement of air into and out of the lungs for gas exchange.

Blood flow to tissues for gas exchange.

Movement of O2 and CO2 across membranes from high to low pressure.

Shorter and more vertical than left, making aspiration easier.

Tiny air sacs in lungs for gas exchange, about 500 million in adults.

Areas of the airways where gas exchange doesn't occur.

Parts of the airways where gas diffusion does not occur; usually ~150 mL.

Anatomic dead space + areas where gas diffusion is compromised.

The tendency of the airways to oppose airflow; affected by length, radius, and rate.

Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related (constant temperature and mass).

Process when atmospheric air pressure is greater than intrathoracic.

Process when intrathoracic pressure is greater than atmospheric.

The stretching of the duodenum, a part of the small intestine.

Inflammation or damage to the lining of the duodenum.

Muscle contractions in the pylorus (the stomach's exit), responsible for propelling food.

Ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine

A valve preventing backflow from the large intestine to the small intestine.

Localized contractions that mix chyme (digested food) in the small intestine.

Propulsive waves of contraction that move food through the intestines.

Glands in the duodenum that produce alkaline mucus, neutralizing stomach acid.

Cells in the small intestine that produce mucus to protect and lubricate.

Cells lining the small intestine responsible for absorbing nutrients.