Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What primarily causes most damage during ARDS?

  • IL-10
  • IL-1
  • TNFa (correct)
  • IL-6

    • What is a major consequence of decreased presence of surfactants in ARDS?

  • Enhanced lung volume
  • Increased alveolar compliance
  • Improved gas exchange
  • Atelectasis (correct)

    • Which of the following is a symptom of ARDS?

  • Formation of hyaline membranes (correct)
  • Enhanced type II pneumocyte function
  • Decreased fibrosis of alveolar walls
  • Increased total lung volume

    • Which cellular process is involved in the fibrotic response seen in ARDS?

    <p>Unregulated growth of fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct effect of the liquefaction necrosis seen in ARDS?

    <p>Release of lytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primarily reduced measurement in cases of emphysema, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema when assessing lung function?

    <p>Diffusing capacity of lung carbon monoxide (DLCO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component contributes to the calculation of Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

    <p>Expiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pulmonary capacity is defined as the maximum amount of air expirable after the lungs are filled to maximum extent?

    <p>Vital Capacity (VC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Total Lung Capacity (TLC) in restrictive disorders?

    <p>It is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average Vital Capacity (VC) for women?

    <p>3500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT involved in pulmonary function?

    <p>Hormonal regulation of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) typically increased?

    <p>In obstructive disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement indicates both respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory reserve?

    <p>Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ventilation in the respiratory system?

    <p>Circulation of atmospheric air for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it easier for foreign objects to be aspirated into the right bronchus?

    <p>It is shorter and more vertical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily affects airway resistance in the respiratory system?

    <p>Airway length and radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Boyle's Law, how does the volume of gas change in relation to pressure?

    <p>Volume decreases as pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an anatomic dead space in the respiratory system?

    <p>Conducting airways beyond the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of goblet cells in the respiratory system?

    <p>To produce mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during inhalation according to the principles of pressure in the lungs?

    <p>Atmospheric air pressure exceeds intrathoracic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines physiologic dead space in the respiratory system?

    <p>All areas where gas diffusion is ineffective, including anatomic dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bile in digestion?

    <p>To emulsify large fat particles into minute particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carcinoma is generally considered more responsive to treatment?

    <p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of malignant cells?

    <p>High nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells secrete bile acids and other components into bile canaliculi?

    <p>Hepatocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor is responsible for 85% of all lung cancer deaths?

    <p>Cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the gallbladder contribute to bile concentration?

    <p>By absorbing water and electrolytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with lung cancer?

    <p>Frequent headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates gallbladder emptying after a meal?

    <p>Presence of fatty foods in the duodenum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily involved in the digestion of fats?

    <p>Pancreatic lipase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a known carcinogen that can contribute to lung cancer development?

    <p>Beryllium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

    <p>Digestion and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can lead to the development of gallstones?

    <p>Excessive absorption of water or cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a high level of environmental carcinogens in an individual?

    <p>Prolonged exposure increases cancer risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not involved in the secretion of bile?

    <p>Spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of malignant transformation in cells?

    <p>Unregulated cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do enterogastric reflexes have on stomach emptying?

    <p>They inhibit stomach emptying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily initiates the inhibition of the pyloric pump contractions?

    <p>Osmolarity of duodenal chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process moves chyme through the digestive tract at a very slow pace?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Brunner's glands located in the duodenum?

    <p>Secretion of alkaline mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the action of segmentation in the small intestine?

    <p>It mixes chyme through localized concentric contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of sympathetic stimulation on Brunner's glands?

    <p>Decreased secretion of alkaline mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do goblet cells play in the intestinal lining?

    <p>Produce mucus for lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for chyme to travel from the pylorus to the ileocecal valve?

    <p>3-5 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT lead to the secretion of secretin from the duodenum?

    <p>Presence of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Volumes

    • Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath, approximately 500 mL.
    • Minute Tidal Volume: Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute (TV x respiratory rate), approximately 8 L.
    • Alveolar Volume: Volume of air reaching the alveoli (Tidal Volume – dead space volume), approximately 350 mL. Average minute alveolar volume is 5600 mL.
    • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Extra volume of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal breath, approximately 3000 mL. Indicates inspiratory muscle strength.
    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath, approximately 1100 mL. Indicates expiratory muscle strength.
    • Residual Volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in lungs after a forceful exhalation, approximately 1200 mL. Indicates airway patency & elasticity.

    Pulmonary Capacities

    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Maximum amount of air that can be inspired (TV + IRV), approximately 3500 mL.
    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal breath (ERV + RV), approximately 2300 mL. Increased in obstructive disorders.
    • Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inhalation (IRV + TV + ERV), approximately 4600 mL.
    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Maximum volume lungs can hold (TV + IRV + ERV + RV), approximately 6 L. Reduced in restrictive disorders, increased in severe COPD.
    • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled as quickly as possible, indicates respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory reserve. Average for men is 4800 mL, women is 3500 mL. Reduced in obstructive and restrictive diseases.

    Pulmonary Functions

    • Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
    • Perfusion: Circulation of blood through the lungs.
    • Diffusion: Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolocapillary membrane.
    • Regulation of oxygenation and gas exchange
    • Protection (macrophages, surfactant)
    • Maintenance of cardiac output and blood pressure
    • Immunity
    • Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

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    Pulmonary Physiology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pulmonary volumes and capacities, including key concepts such as Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, and Residual Volume. Understand how these values are crucial for assessing lung health and function. Dive into the world of respiratory physiology with this informative quiz!

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