Pulmonary System and Thoracic Anatomy Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?

  • Circulation
  • Endocrine regulation
  • Ventilation (correct)
  • Digestion

Which structure is NOT a component of the thoracic cage?

  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Sternum
  • Diaphragm (correct)
  • Intercostal muscles

Which lobe structure is unique to the right lung?

  • Upper lobe
  • Lower lobe
  • Middle lobe (correct)
  • Apical lobe

What refers to the raised ridge felt below the suprasternal notch?

<p>Angle of Louis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ribs have no anterior attachment?

<p>Floating ribs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pleura in the thorax?

<p>Facilitate lung expansion and contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lungs rises above the clavicle?

<p>Apex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the pulmonary system?

<p>Heart valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What divides the lobes of the lungs?

<p>The oblique fissure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lung segments are found in the left lung?

<p>8 segments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT located in the mediastinum?

<p>Bronchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pleural fluid?

<p>To enable pleural membranes to glide against each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of intrapleural pressure during exhalation?

<p>-4 to -10 cm H2O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscles decrease the size of the chest during breathing?

<p>Muscles of expiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is the primary muscle of inhalation?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area does air pass through from the mouth?

<p>Oropharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

<p>To protect the trachea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many unpaired cartilages are present in the larynx?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is located directly posterior to the root of the tongue?

<p>Epiglottis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the trachea?

<p>11 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the larynx to the esophagus?

<p>Laryngopharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vocal cords?

<p>Regulate air flow and produce voice sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage is known as the largest and most superior in the larynx?

<p>Thyroid cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the lymphatic system in the lungs?

<p>Remove foreign particles and cell debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure is normally less than atmospheric pressure in the pleural space?

<p>Intrapleural pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when air moves into the lungs?

<p>Inspiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary gases exchanged during external respiration?

<p>Oxygen and carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a cough, which pressure may exceed atmospheric pressure?

<p>Intrathoracic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At sea level, what is the value of atmospheric pressure in mmHg?

<p>760 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about intrapulmonary pressure is true?

<p>It varies with the size of the thorax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the lungs having a rich supply of lymphatic tissue?

<p>Due to constant exposure to the external environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does loss of pulmonary surfactant have on breathing?

<p>Decreases lung recoil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT considered an accessory muscle during labored breathing?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tidal volume (VT)?

<p>500 to 600 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pulmonary capacity represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled?

<p>Total lung capacity (TLC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes gas exchange that occurs at the lung level?

<p>External respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following volumes represents the air remaining in the respiratory system after forced expiration?

<p>Residual volume (RV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to an increased work of breathing?

<p>Loss of pulmonary surfactant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of diffusion in respiration?

<p>Moves gases in and out of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that drives the movement of molecules during diffusion in the lungs?

<p>The driving pressure of the gases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in the thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

<p>It decreases the rate of diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas diffuses more rapidly due to its higher diffusion coefficient?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the driving pressure of oxygen at higher altitudes?

<p>It decreases due to reduced gravity effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does oxygen move from during the process of diffusion in the pulmonary system?

<p>From alveoli to pulmonary capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of gas diffusion?

<p>Heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During gas transport, how does carbon dioxide move in relation to the alveoli?

<p>It diffuses out of the capillaries into the alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the bloodstream in gas transport?

<p>It acts as a transportation vehicle for gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Thoracic Cage Function

The rigid but flexible structure protecting vital organs and allowing breathing.

Ventilation

The process of air moving into and out of the lungs.

Respiration

Gas exchange; oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide removal.

Thoracic Cage Parts

12 thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, crucial for breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Right Lung Lobes

The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, lower).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Left Lung Lobes

The left lung has two lobes (upper, lower).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lung Apex

The top of the lung, extending above the clavicle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lung Base

The bottom part of the lung, resting on the diaphragm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oblique Fissure

Divides the right upper and middle lobes from the right lower lobe, and the left upper lobe from the left lower lobe of the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lung Lobes

Sections of the lungs, divided by fissures and each served by its own bronchus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mediastinum

The area between the lungs that contains the heart, great vessels, lymphatics and esophagus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pleura Membrane

Thin membrane lining the lungs and chest wall, divided into visceral and parietal layers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intrapleural Pressure

Pressure within the pleural space; usually lower than intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ventilation Muscles

Muscles controlling breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diaphragm

Dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, the primary muscle for inhalation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lung Segments

Subdivisions of the lung lobes, each with its own bronchus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Upper Airway Components

The upper airway includes the mouth, nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, uvula, and laryngopharynx (hypopharynx).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Larynx Cartilages

The larynx's structural support includes nine cartilages (six paired, three unpaired): thyroid (Adam's apple), cricoid (complete ring), and epiglottis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epiglottis Function

The epiglottis, a flap of cartilage, prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing, directing it to the esophagus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vocal Cords Role

Vocal cords regulate air flow for voice production. They're inside larynx.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pyriform Sinus Location

The pyriform sinus is a recess on either side of the larynx. It's a potential location for food/object lodging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trachea Description

The trachea is a tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi, about 11 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lower Airway Components

The lower airway is primarily composed of the trachea and its branches (bronchi).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trachea Bifurcation

The trachea branches into two main stem bronchi at the carina.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphatic System in Lungs

The lymphatic system in the lungs removes foreign particles, cell debris, and excess fluid, contributing to immune response and maintaining alveoli clarity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

External Respiration

Gas exchange between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between the capillary red blood cells and the body's tissue cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure of the air surrounding the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intrapulmonary Pressure

The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intrathoracic pressure

Pressure inside the pleural space surrounding the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inhalation/exhalation

Breathing in (inhalation) and breathing out (exhalation) are driven by pressure differences between the lungs and the atmosphere.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What decreases pulmonary surfactant?

Smoking and inhalation of irritants can reduce the production of pulmonary surfactant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors increasing work of breathing

Factors increasing the work of breathing include: loss of pulmonary surfactant, decreased lung compliance, increased airway resistance, decreased lung recoil, and decreased chest wall compliance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Accessory muscles of breathing

When breathing becomes labored, accessory muscles like scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, posterior neck and back muscles, and abdominal muscles get involved.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tidal Volume (VT)

The amount of air you inhale and exhale with each normal breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The extra air you can forcefully inhale after a normal breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The extra air you can forcefully exhale after a normal breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Residual Volume (RV)

The air that remains in your lungs even after you exhale as much as possible.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Total Lung Capacity?

The total amount of air your lungs can hold, combining all the volumes. It's the sum of vital capacity and residual volume.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Driving Pressure

The difference in concentration of a gas between two areas, causing movement from high to low concentration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diffusion in Lungs

Movement of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the alveoli (tiny air sacs in lungs) and the pulmonary capillaries (blood vessels in lungs), driven by the difference in their concentrations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxygen Diffusion

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood because there is a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveoli compared to the capillaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbon Dioxide Diffusion

Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli because there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood compared to the alveoli.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors affecting diffusion

The rate of gas diffusion can be influenced by the thickness of the membrane, the surface area of the membrane, and the diffusion coefficient of the gas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diffusion Coefficient

A measure of how easily a gas can diffuse through a membrane, determined by the gas's solubility. Higher coefficient means faster diffusion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gas Transport

The delivery of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide from tissues, facilitated by the bloodstream and the heart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tissue Gas Exchange

Oxygen moves from the blood into the tissues, and carbon dioxide moves from the tissues into the blood, through diffusion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology

  • The pulmonary system comprises the thorax, conducting airways, respiratory airways, pulmonary blood, and lymph supply.
  • The primary functions include ventilation and respiration.
  • Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs. Respiration is the exchange of gases—oxygen and carbon dioxide—between the atmosphere and the bloodstream.
  • The thorax, crucial for respiration, consists of the thoracic cage, lungs, pleura, and muscles of ventilation.
  • The thoracic cage is a cone-shaped structure that protects internal organs. It's composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae. The rib cage has 12 pairs of ribs; the first seven pairs are directly joined to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 are joined to the ribs above and 11 & 12 are floating ribs. The second rib joins the sternum at the angle of Louis.
  • The lungs are cone-shaped organs with an apex and base, positioned slightly above the clavicle. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower); the left lung has two (upper and lower). The lobes are divided into 18 segments in the right lung and 8 in the left lung. Fissures separate the lobes.
  • The pleura is the thin membrane that lines the lungs and the chest wall. The visceral pleura adheres to the lungs. The parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the chest cavity and mediastinum.
  • The pleurae are separated by an airtight space containing lubricating fluid to facilitate smooth movement during breathing.
  • Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural space and is normally negative to allow the lungs to expand.
  • The muscles of ventilation, primarily the diaphragm, are crucial for inhalation and controlled by the central nervous system via the phrenic nerve.
  • The diaphragm is the main muscle for inhalation, contracting to flatten and expand the thorax, drawing air into the lungs.
  • Other inhalation muscles include the scalene, anterior serratus, and sternomastoid muscles, which elevate the ribs.
  • Exhalation is a passive process in healthy lungs. The relaxation of the diaphragm and other muscles causes the thorax to return to its resting position, expelling air. However, during exercise, exhalation can be an active process using accessory muscles.
  • Accessory muscles of ventilation are usually used during exercise, not during normal breathing and include Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, back muscles, and chest muscles.
  • The conducting airways (upper and lower) warm and humidify the air and act as a protective barrier against foreign particles. Upper airways include: nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx. Lower airways include the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
  • The trachea is a hollow tube approximately 11cm (4.5 inches) in length and 2.5cm in diameter, sitting approximately at the level of the aortic arch, the fifth thoracic vertebrae, or just below the level of the angle of Louis. It is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse.
  • The bronchial tree structure and branches into smaller tubes (bronchioles) eventually leading to alveolar ducts.
  • The respiratory bronchioles form the transition zone from the conducting airways to the respiratory zone, leading to the alveoli.
  • Alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They are the primary site of gas exchange. The alveoli are composed of a thin membrane for efficient gas exchange.
  • Alveolar macrophages clear debris from the alveoli via phagocytosis.
  • The pulmonary blood and lymph systems circulate blood containing oxygen and carbon dioxide. This blood travels from the right heart through pulmonary arteries to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli and returns to the left heart through the pulmonary veins. The bronchial arteries supply blood to the tissues of the lungs.
  • The diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood is due to partial pressure differences.
  • The alveolar-capillary membrane is very thin and facilitates efficient diffusion.
  • The work of breathing involves overcoming lung elasticity, chest wall elasticity and airway resistance.
  • Various pulmonary diseases can significantly increase the work of breathing, including pulmonary edema, atelectasis, kyphoscoliosis, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema.
  • Pulmonary volumes and capacities are vital measurements of lung function and comprise tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the pulmonary system and thoracic anatomy with this quiz. It covers various components, functions, and structures related to the respiratory system. Perfect for students in health sciences or anyone looking to enhance their understanding of human anatomy.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser