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What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?
Which structure is NOT a component of the thoracic cage?
Which structure is NOT a component of the thoracic cage?
Which lobe structure is unique to the right lung?
Which lobe structure is unique to the right lung?
What refers to the raised ridge felt below the suprasternal notch?
What refers to the raised ridge felt below the suprasternal notch?
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What type of ribs have no anterior attachment?
What type of ribs have no anterior attachment?
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What is the primary role of the pleura in the thorax?
What is the primary role of the pleura in the thorax?
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Which part of the lungs rises above the clavicle?
Which part of the lungs rises above the clavicle?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the pulmonary system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the pulmonary system?
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What divides the lobes of the lungs?
What divides the lobes of the lungs?
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How many lung segments are found in the left lung?
How many lung segments are found in the left lung?
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Which structure is NOT located in the mediastinum?
Which structure is NOT located in the mediastinum?
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What is the role of pleural fluid?
What is the role of pleural fluid?
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What is the normal range of intrapleural pressure during exhalation?
What is the normal range of intrapleural pressure during exhalation?
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What type of muscles decrease the size of the chest during breathing?
What type of muscles decrease the size of the chest during breathing?
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Which muscle is the primary muscle of inhalation?
Which muscle is the primary muscle of inhalation?
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What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
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Which area does air pass through from the mouth?
Which area does air pass through from the mouth?
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What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?
What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?
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How many unpaired cartilages are present in the larynx?
How many unpaired cartilages are present in the larynx?
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Which of the following structures is located directly posterior to the root of the tongue?
Which of the following structures is located directly posterior to the root of the tongue?
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What is the approximate length of the trachea?
What is the approximate length of the trachea?
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What connects the larynx to the esophagus?
What connects the larynx to the esophagus?
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What is the function of the vocal cords?
What is the function of the vocal cords?
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Which cartilage is known as the largest and most superior in the larynx?
Which cartilage is known as the largest and most superior in the larynx?
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What is a primary function of the lymphatic system in the lungs?
What is a primary function of the lymphatic system in the lungs?
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Which pressure is normally less than atmospheric pressure in the pleural space?
Which pressure is normally less than atmospheric pressure in the pleural space?
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What is the process called when air moves into the lungs?
What is the process called when air moves into the lungs?
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What are the primary gases exchanged during external respiration?
What are the primary gases exchanged during external respiration?
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During a cough, which pressure may exceed atmospheric pressure?
During a cough, which pressure may exceed atmospheric pressure?
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At sea level, what is the value of atmospheric pressure in mmHg?
At sea level, what is the value of atmospheric pressure in mmHg?
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Which of the following statements about intrapulmonary pressure is true?
Which of the following statements about intrapulmonary pressure is true?
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What is the primary reason for the lungs having a rich supply of lymphatic tissue?
What is the primary reason for the lungs having a rich supply of lymphatic tissue?
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What effect does loss of pulmonary surfactant have on breathing?
What effect does loss of pulmonary surfactant have on breathing?
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Which muscle is NOT considered an accessory muscle during labored breathing?
Which muscle is NOT considered an accessory muscle during labored breathing?
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What is the tidal volume (VT)?
What is the tidal volume (VT)?
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Which pulmonary capacity represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled?
Which pulmonary capacity represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled?
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What term describes gas exchange that occurs at the lung level?
What term describes gas exchange that occurs at the lung level?
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Which of the following volumes represents the air remaining in the respiratory system after forced expiration?
Which of the following volumes represents the air remaining in the respiratory system after forced expiration?
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What contributes to an increased work of breathing?
What contributes to an increased work of breathing?
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What is the function of diffusion in respiration?
What is the function of diffusion in respiration?
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What is the main factor that drives the movement of molecules during diffusion in the lungs?
What is the main factor that drives the movement of molecules during diffusion in the lungs?
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How does an increase in the thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane affect the rate of diffusion?
How does an increase in the thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane affect the rate of diffusion?
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Which gas diffuses more rapidly due to its higher diffusion coefficient?
Which gas diffuses more rapidly due to its higher diffusion coefficient?
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What happens to the driving pressure of oxygen at higher altitudes?
What happens to the driving pressure of oxygen at higher altitudes?
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Where does oxygen move from during the process of diffusion in the pulmonary system?
Where does oxygen move from during the process of diffusion in the pulmonary system?
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of gas diffusion?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of gas diffusion?
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During gas transport, how does carbon dioxide move in relation to the alveoli?
During gas transport, how does carbon dioxide move in relation to the alveoli?
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What is the role of the bloodstream in gas transport?
What is the role of the bloodstream in gas transport?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Anatomy and Physiology
- The pulmonary system comprises the thorax, conducting airways, respiratory airways, pulmonary blood, and lymph supply.
- The primary functions include ventilation and respiration.
- Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs. Respiration is the exchange of gases—oxygen and carbon dioxide—between the atmosphere and the bloodstream.
- The thorax, crucial for respiration, consists of the thoracic cage, lungs, pleura, and muscles of ventilation.
- The thoracic cage is a cone-shaped structure that protects internal organs. It's composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae. The rib cage has 12 pairs of ribs; the first seven pairs are directly joined to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 are joined to the ribs above and 11 & 12 are floating ribs. The second rib joins the sternum at the angle of Louis.
- The lungs are cone-shaped organs with an apex and base, positioned slightly above the clavicle. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower); the left lung has two (upper and lower). The lobes are divided into 18 segments in the right lung and 8 in the left lung. Fissures separate the lobes.
- The pleura is the thin membrane that lines the lungs and the chest wall. The visceral pleura adheres to the lungs. The parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the chest cavity and mediastinum.
- The pleurae are separated by an airtight space containing lubricating fluid to facilitate smooth movement during breathing.
- Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural space and is normally negative to allow the lungs to expand.
- The muscles of ventilation, primarily the diaphragm, are crucial for inhalation and controlled by the central nervous system via the phrenic nerve.
- The diaphragm is the main muscle for inhalation, contracting to flatten and expand the thorax, drawing air into the lungs.
- Other inhalation muscles include the scalene, anterior serratus, and sternomastoid muscles, which elevate the ribs.
- Exhalation is a passive process in healthy lungs. The relaxation of the diaphragm and other muscles causes the thorax to return to its resting position, expelling air. However, during exercise, exhalation can be an active process using accessory muscles.
- Accessory muscles of ventilation are usually used during exercise, not during normal breathing and include Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, back muscles, and chest muscles.
- The conducting airways (upper and lower) warm and humidify the air and act as a protective barrier against foreign particles. Upper airways include: nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx. Lower airways include the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
- The trachea is a hollow tube approximately 11cm (4.5 inches) in length and 2.5cm in diameter, sitting approximately at the level of the aortic arch, the fifth thoracic vertebrae, or just below the level of the angle of Louis. It is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse.
- The bronchial tree structure and branches into smaller tubes (bronchioles) eventually leading to alveolar ducts.
- The respiratory bronchioles form the transition zone from the conducting airways to the respiratory zone, leading to the alveoli.
- Alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They are the primary site of gas exchange. The alveoli are composed of a thin membrane for efficient gas exchange.
- Alveolar macrophages clear debris from the alveoli via phagocytosis.
- The pulmonary blood and lymph systems circulate blood containing oxygen and carbon dioxide. This blood travels from the right heart through pulmonary arteries to the capillaries surrounding the alveoli and returns to the left heart through the pulmonary veins. The bronchial arteries supply blood to the tissues of the lungs.
- The diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood is due to partial pressure differences.
- The alveolar-capillary membrane is very thin and facilitates efficient diffusion.
- The work of breathing involves overcoming lung elasticity, chest wall elasticity and airway resistance.
- Various pulmonary diseases can significantly increase the work of breathing, including pulmonary edema, atelectasis, kyphoscoliosis, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema.
- Pulmonary volumes and capacities are vital measurements of lung function and comprise tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pulmonary system and thoracic anatomy with this quiz. It covers various components, functions, and structures related to the respiratory system. Perfect for students in health sciences or anyone looking to enhance their understanding of human anatomy.
