Pulmonary Hypertension & ARDS

What mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) is indicative of pulmonary hypertension at rest?

A patient presents with dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and lower extremity edema. Which of the following physical exam findings would MOST strongly suggest pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following is a common symptom associated with pulmonary hypertension?

Which murmur is MOST suggestive of pulmonary hypertension on physical exam?

Cor pulmonale is best defined as:

According to the WHO classification, which of the following conditions is associated with pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (Group 2)?

A patient with a long history of COPD is diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension. According to the WHO classification, which group does this patient MOST likely belong to?

Which of the following diagnostic tests is typically used in the initial evaluation of a patient with suspected pulmonary hypertension?

A patient with suspected pulmonary hypertension undergoes an ECG. Which of the following findings would be MOST suggestive of this condition?

Which test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

During a right heart catheterization, a patient with suspected PAH is given a vasodilator. A significant drop in pulmonary artery pressure suggests?

What is the rationale for avoiding pregnancy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

Which of the following interventions is generally recommended for patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to hypoxemia?

A patient is diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). According to treatment guidelines, which of the following medications might be considered, if the patient responds favorably to vasoreactivity testing?

A 35-year-old female presents with progressive dyspnea and fatigue. Echocardiography reveals a pulmonary artery pressure of 60 mmHg. Further workup identifies Raynaud's phenomenon and sclerodactyly. Which of the following is the MOST likely underlying cause of her pulmonary hypertension?

A patient with known IPAH presents with worsening dyspnea and signs of right heart failure. Which of the following would be MOST appropriate initial management?

In the diagnostic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension, a V/Q scan is MOST useful for identifying which of the following associated conditions?

What is the normal range for mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) at rest?

According to the WHO classification of pulmonary hypertension, which group includes pulmonary hypertension due to congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts?

In a patient with pulmonary hypertension, which of the following physical exam findings is MOST suggestive of right ventricular dysfunction?

A 45-year-old male with a history of intravenous drug use is diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension. Which of the following etiologies is MOST likely associated with his condition?

Which of the following is a common finding on chest X-ray in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

What is the primary goal of vasoreactivity testing during right heart catheterization in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

According to the 2014 CHEST guidelines, what is a crucial step in managing patients with suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) before initiating treatment?

A 60-year-old male with a history of chronic venous thromboembolism presents with progressive dyspnea. Echocardiography reveals elevated pulmonary artery pressures. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

A patient is diagnosed with Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and demonstrates a positive response to vasoreactivity testing during right heart catheterization. Six months later, despite being on maximum doses of calcium channel blockers, the patient's symptoms have worsened. Which is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

You are evaluating a patient for possible pulmonary hypertension. The echocardiogram reveals right ventricular hypertrophy and an estimated PA systolic pressure of 55 mmHg. The patient has no history of lung disease or left heart dysfunction. Which of the following findings would be MOST suggestive of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) rather than idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH)?

A patient with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure is being considered for diuretic therapy. Which of the following is the MOST important consideration when initiating diuretics in this patient population?

Which statement regarding exercise and pulmonary hypertension is MOST accurate?

A patient presents with dyspnea on exertion. Which of the following additional symptoms would MOST likely lead to suspicion of pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following physical exam findings is MOST commonly associated with pulmonary hypertension?

What heart sound abnormality is MOST likely to be auscultated in a patient with pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following findings is MOST indicative of right ventricular dysfunction in a patient with pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Cor Pulmonale?

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops pulmonary hypertension. According to the WHO classification, this is classified as which group?

According to the WHO classification, which of the following is included in Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

A patient has pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral valve stenosis. According to the WHO classification, which group does this patient belong to?

A patient is suspected of having pulmonary hypertension. Which of the following diagnostic tests should be performed FIRST in the evaluation?

A patient with suspected pulmonary hypertension undergoes an ECG. Which ECG finding would raise suspicion for pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following diagnostic procedures provides the MOST definitive confirmation of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

During right heart catheterization for PAH, what hemodynamic parameter is assessed to determine vasoreactivity?

During a workup for pulmonary hypertension, when is a V/Q scan MOST appropriate?

According to the 2014 CHEST guidelines, what MUST be done before starting treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension?

A patient is diagnosed with Group 3 pulmonary hypertension. Which of the following is MOST likely to be part of the management strategy?

A patient with IPAH has a positive vasoreactivity test during right heart catheterization. Which medication class may be considered for long-term treatment?

Which of the following tests is MOST useful in differentiating between pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD)?

In a patient with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure, initiation of diuretic therapy requires careful consideration of:

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding exercise recommendations for patients with pulmonary hypertension?

A 30-year-old female with a history of Raynaud's phenomenon and sclerodactyly presents with new onset dyspnea on exertion. Which of the following underlying conditions is MOST likely the cause of her pulmonary hypertension?

A patient with pulmonary hypertension presents with signs of right heart failure. Which medication is CONTRAINDICATED if the patient does not respond to vasodilators during right heart catheterization?

Following the 2019 CHEST guidelines update for PAH treatment, which of the following actions is MOST strongly recommended?

A patient with known Group 1 PAH presents with worsening dyspnea and signs of right heart failure despite being on tadalafil. Which is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

Which of the following disorders is LEAST likely to be associated with pulmonary hypertension?

You are reviewing a chest X-ray of a patient suspected of having pulmonary hypertension. Which finding would strongly suggest pulmonary hypertension?

A patient with pulmonary hypertension asks about the safety of pregnancy. What is the MOST accurate and appropriate counseling?

Which medication is recommended for patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, who demonstrate a positive response during right heart catheterization testing, meaning can tolerate the medication well long term??

A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), who is the patient mostly to be classified under according to the WHO?

What testing result diagnoses pulmonary hypertension and its subclasses?

A patient presents with acute dyspnea and hypoxemia. According to the definition of ARDS, how quickly do these symptoms typically manifest following an inciting event?

Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to be an inciting event for ARDS?

The primary mechanism behind ARDS involves:

A chest radiograph of a patient with ARDS is most likely to show:

According to the Berlin definition, ARDS is classified based on the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. A PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 150 mmHg indicates:

Which of the following is a common manifestation of ARDS?

The primary goal of ARDS treatment is:

Which of the following ventilator strategies is a key component of the ARDSnet protocol?

The exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage in ARDS is characterized by:

Which of the following is an important consideration when evaluating a patient with ARDS?

Prone positioning is utilized in ARDS management to improve oxygenation primarily by:

Which I:E ratio is appropriate for ARDS ventilation strategy?

Consider a patient with ARDS secondary to sepsis. Initial ventilator settings include a tidal volume of 6 mL/kg, FiO2 of 60%, and PEEP of 10 cm H2O. The PaO2 is 65 mmHg. According to ARDSnet protocols, what is the MOST appropriate next step in ventilator management?

A patient with ARDS is being mechanically ventilated. Despite optimal ventilator settings, including appropriate tidal volume and PEEP, the patient's PaO2 remains critically low. All of the following interventions may be considered EXCEPT:

A patient with ARDS is on mechanical ventilation. The plateau pressure is trending upwards despite stable tidal volumes. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be contributing to the rising plateau pressure?

Which of the following best describes the early phase of diffuse alveolar damage in ARDS?

A patient is diagnosed with ARDS following a septic episode. According to diagnostic criteria, within what timeframe should the onset of respiratory symptoms typically occur?

What is the underlying cause of ARDS?

A patient with ARDS has a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 150 mmHg while on a PEEP of 5 cm H2O. How would this patient's ARDS be classified according to the Berlin criteria?

Which of the following is an expected finding on a chest X-ray of a patient with ARDS?

Which of the following is considered a key component of the ARDSnet protocol for mechanical ventilation?

A patient with ARDS is being mechanically ventilated. What is the primary goal of this intervention?

A patient with ARDS is on mechanical ventilation with a PEEP of 10 cm H2O. What is the primary purpose of using PEEP in this setting?

Which of the following is the most common underlying mechanism that leads to ARDS??

Which of the following is NOT typically considered an inciting event for ARDS?

A patient with ARDS is being mechanically ventilated. The physician is considering prone positioning. What is the primary physiological rationale for this intervention?

While adhering to ARDSnet protocols, a patient's PaO2 remains inadequate despite optimal FiO2 and PEEP settings. What pharmacological intervention might be considered as an adjunct to improve oxygenation?

Which of the following Initial ventilator settings would be most ideal in a patient diagnosed with ARDS?

A patient with severe ARDS is being mechanically ventilated. Despite optimizing tidal volume, PEEP, and FiO2, the patient's PaO2 remains critically low, and plateau pressures are elevated. Which of the following interventions is LEAST likely to improve oxygenation and lung mechanics in this scenario?

A 55-year-old male is intubated for ARDS secondary to aspiration pneumonia. His initial vent settings are TV 6ml/kg, RR 20, FiO2 60%, and PEEP 10. His ABG shows pH 7.20, PaCO2 60, PaO2 60. The physician increases the respiratory rate to 28, but the pH only improves to 7.24 and the PaCO2 remains elevated at 58. The PaO2 also remains unchanged at 60. What would be the MOST appropriate next step according to ARDSnet protocols?

A 55-year-old woman presents with progressive dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and syncope. Exam reveals loud P2, a systolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation, and right ventricular heave. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is the gold standard test for diagnosing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

A patient with idiopathic PAH undergoes a vasoreactivity test during right heart catheterization. He has a positive response. What is the next best treatment step?

A patient with pulmonary hypertension due to left-sided heart failure (PH Group 2) is best managed with:

Which of the following pulmonary hypertension groups is most associated with chronic thromboembolic disease (CTEPH)?

A patient with pulmonary hypertension and signs of right ventricular failure should receive which initial therapy?

A patient with pulmonary hypertension and chronic hypoxemia due to COPD should receive:

Which of the following is a contraindication to calcium channel blockers in PAH?

A patient with severe ARDS is placed on mechanical ventilation. What is the recommended tidal volume setting to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury?

Which of the following is the most effective strategy to improve oxygenation in ARDS while avoiding ventilator-induced lung injury?

A patient with ARDS is placed in prone positioning. What is the primary benefit of this intervention?

Which of the following is the best initial step in managing ARDS?

Which of the following is a hallmark feature of ARDS?

A 45-year-old woman with systemic sclerosis presents with progressive dyspnea and exertional fatigue. Echocardiogram shows right ventricular hypertrophy and an estimated pulmonary artery pressure of 50 mmHg. Right heart catheterization confirms PAH with a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of 30 mmHg at rest. What is the most likely classification of this patient's pulmonary hypertension?

A patient with severe idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is placed on epoprostenol (IV prostacyclin therapy). What is the primary mechanism of this medication?

Which diagnostic test is most useful in differentiating pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left heart disease (Group 2) from PAH (Group 1)?

A patient with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is not a candidate for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. What is the next best pharmacologic therapy?

A patient with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and right ventricular failure develops worsening hypotension and shock. Which of the following interventions is contraindicated?

Which of the following is a key pathophysiologic feature of ARDS?

A patient with ARDS is on mechanical ventilation with the following settings: • Tidal volume: 6 mL/kg IBW • FiO2: 70% • PEEP: 10 cm H₂O His PaO2 remains at 55 mmHg. What is the next best step?

A patient with ARDS is placed in prone positioning. What is the primary reason for this intervention?

Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing ARDS?

Which of the following ventilator settings is most important to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in ARDS?

A patient with ARDS is found to have worsening hypoxemia despite maximal ventilator support. Which of the following is the best next step?

A patient with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is being evaluated for definitive therapy. Which of the following interventions offers the best chance for cure?

Which of the following is the most common presenting symptom in patients with pulmonary hypertension?

A patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) due to connective tissue disease (scleroderma) is started on initial therapy. Which class of medications is the first-line treatment for most PAH patients without a positive vasoreactivity test?

Which diagnostic test should be performed in a patient with suspected pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thromboembolism (Group 4 PH)?

Which of the following findings on echocardiogram is most suggestive of pulmonary hypertension?

Which of the following is most characteristic of ARDS-related hypoxemia?

A 50-year-old patient with sepsis-induced ARDS is on mechanical ventilation. Which ventilator setting most reduces barotrauma risk?

A patient with ARDS is on mechanical ventilation with a PaO2 of 52 mmHg despite FiO2 of 60% and PEEP of 10 cm H2O. What is the next best step?

Which of the following interventions has been shown to improve survival in severe ARDS?

Which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) findings is most consistent with early ARDS?

A patient with severe ARDS is placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Which of the following is the most common indication for ECMO in ARDS?

Which of the following ventilation strategies is most appropriate for ARDS patients with persistent hypercapnia?