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Pulmonary Function Tests
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Pulmonary Function Tests

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary stimulant for central chemoreceptors?

  • Decreased partial pressure of CO2 in blood
  • Increased hydrogen ion concentration (correct)
  • Increased partial pressure of CO2 in blood
  • Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood

    • What is the response of peripheral chemoreceptors to a reduction in partial pressure of oxygen?

  • No response
  • Strong inhibition
  • Mild stimulation
  • Strong stimulation (correct)

    • What is the function of chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration?

  • To regulate body temperature
  • To decrease ventilation in response to hypoxia
  • To increase ventilation in response to hypercapnea (correct)
  • To control blood pressure

    • Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

    <p>In the carotid and aortic regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the excess carbon dioxide in the blood when ventilation increases?

    <p>It is washed out of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't hydrogen ions from the blood directly stimulate central chemoreceptors?

    <p>Because they are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of carbon dioxide combining with water in the brain?

    <p>Formation of carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impulses do chemoreceptors send to the dorsal respiratory group of neurons?

    <p>Stimulatory impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total lung capacity (TLC) in milliliters?

    <p>6000 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration?

    <p>Functional residual capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to lung compliance?

    <p>Surface tension of alveolar fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value of pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>6 L/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of vital capacity (VC)?

    <p>Residual volume (RV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation is the total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs, while alveolar ventilation is the volume of air that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value of alveolar ventilation?

    <p>4.2 L/minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that affects airway resistance?

    <p>Diameter of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating the rate and rhythm of breathing?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsal respiratory group?

    <p>Control inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the ventral respiratory group?

    <p>Limit inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pneumotaxic center affect breathing?

    <p>It increases the rate of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of afferent nerves in the regulation of respiration?

    <p>Carry signals from the lungs to the respiratory centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nervous system ensure adequate ventilation during heavy exercise?

    <p>By increasing the rate of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of efferent nerves in the regulation of respiration?

    <p>Carry signals from the respiratory centers to the muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate maximum duration of voluntary apnea?

    <p>40 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value of tidal volume in mL?

    <p>500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung volume represents the additional air that can be forcefully inspired after normal inspiration?

    <p>Inspiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary functionality of spirometry in pulmonary function tests?

    <p>To record air volume movement into and out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lung capacities includes both tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?

    <p>Inspiratory capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the graphical recording of lung volumes and capacities?

    <p>Spirogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value for residual volume in mL?

    <p>1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung volume can be expired forcefully after normal expiration?

    <p>Expiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lung capacities are defined as:

    <p>The combination of two or more lung volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a mechanism proposed to explain the link between oral health and respiratory infections?

    <p>Increased production of antibodies in the mouth, leading to a decrease in respiratory pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the potential link between periodontal disease and respiratory infections?

    <p>The presence of bacteria in the oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do salivary enzymes potentially contribute to respiratory infections?

    <p>They promote the attachment of pathogens to the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrolytic enzymes from periodontal bacteria in the context of respiratory infections?

    <p>They weaken the protective layer of saliva, making the respiratory tract more vulnerable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the potential link between periodontal disease and respiratory infections?

    <p>They can alter the respiratory epithelium and promote pathogen colonization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the link between poor oral hygiene and respiratory disease considered plausible?

    <p>Because bacteria from the mouth can be aspirated into the lungs, potentially causing infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Function Tests

    • Pulmonary function tests assess the functional status of the respiratory system by measuring lung volumes and capacities.
    • These tests involve recording the volume movement of air into and out of the lungs using a method called spirometry.
    • The graphical recording of lung volumes and capacities is called a spirogram.

    Spirometer

    • A spirometer measures lung volumes and capacities by recording the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs.
    • During expiration, the air enters the spirometer from the lungs, and the pen draws a downward curve on the recording drum.

    Lung Volumes

    • Lung volumes are the static volumes of air breathed by an individual and are classified into four types:
      • Tidal volume (TV): the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs in a single normal quiet respiration (normal value = 500 mL or 0.5 L)
      • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): the additional volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after the end of normal inspiration (normal value = 3300 mL or 3.3 L)
      • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): the additional volume of air that can be expired out forcefully after normal expiration (normal value = 1000 mL or 1 L)
      • Residual volume (RV): the volume of air remaining in the lungs even after forced expiration (normal value = 1200 mL or 1.2 L)

    Lung Capacities

    • Lung capacities are the combination of two or more lung volumes and are classified into four types:
      • Inspiratory capacity (IC): the maximum volume of air that is inspired after normal expiration (IC = TV + IRV = 500 + 3300 = 3800 mL)
      • Vital capacity (VC): the maximum volume of air that can be expelled out forcefully after a deep (maximal) inspiration (VC = IRV + TV + ERV = 3300 + 500 + 1000 = 4800 mL)
      • Functional residual capacity (FRC): the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration (FRC = ERV + RV = 1000 + 1200 = 2200 mL)
      • Total lung capacity (TLC): the volume of air present in the lungs after a deep (maximal) inspiration (TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV = 3300 + 500 + 1000 + 1200 = 6000 mL)

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air moving in and out of the lungs per minute in quiet breathing (normal value = 6 L/minute).
    • It is calculated by the formula: Pulmonary ventilation = Tidal volume × Respiratory rate = 500 mL × 12/minute = 6,000 mL = 6 L/minute

    Alveolar Ventilation

    • Alveolar ventilation is the amount of air utilized for gaseous exchange every minute (normal value = 4,200 mL or 4.2 L/minute).
    • It is different from pulmonary ventilation, as only a portion of the pulmonary ventilation is utilized for gaseous exchange.

    Regulation of Respiration

    • Respiration is a reflex process that can be controlled voluntarily.
    • The nervous mechanism regulates respiration through the respiratory centers, afferent nerves, and efferent nerves.
    • The respiratory center is composed of three major collections of neurons:
      • Dorsal respiratory group: causes inspiration
      • Ventral respiratory group: causes expiration
      • Pneumotaxic center: controls rate and depth of breathing

    Chemical Mechanism

    • The chemical mechanism regulates respiration through chemoreceptors, which respond to changes in blood pH, PCO2, and PO2.
    • Chemoreceptors are classified into two groups:
      • Central chemoreceptors: respond to changes in blood pH and are located in the brain
      • Peripheral chemoreceptors: respond to changes in PO2 and PCO2 and are located in the carotid and aortic regions

    Oral Health and Respiratory Disease

    • There is a possible association between oral health and respiratory disease.
    • Oral bacteria, especially periodontal pathogens, have been implicated as important agents in causing respiratory diseases.
    • Four possible mechanisms explain the biological plausibility of this association:
      • Oral pathogens directly aspirated into the lungs
      • Salivary enzymes associated with periodontal disease modify respiratory tract mucosal surfaces and promote adhesion and colonization by respiratory pathogens
      • Hydrolytic enzymes from periodonto-pathic bacteria may destroy the salivary film that protects against pathogenic bacteria
      • The presence of cytokines and other biologically active molecules released from periodontal tissues and peripheral mononuclear cells may alter the respiratory epithelium and promote colonization by respiratory pathogens

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    Description

    Assessing functional status of the respiratory system through lung volumes and capacities measurements, including spirometry and spirometry recordings.

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