57 Questions
What is the purpose of pleurodesis?
To prevent recurring spontaneous secondary atelectasis
What occurs when a segmental bronchus is blocked?
The air in the blocked segment will be gradually absorbed into the blood and the segment will collapse
What is the function of the mucous membrane covering the carina?
It is associated with the cough reflex
What is acute cor pulmonale?
It is a condition resulting from obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a blood clot
What type of lung cancers may involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
How does deep inspiration affect a PA radiograph?
It increases the visibility of abnormalities in the lung tissue
Which muscle elevates the ribs during forced inspiration?
External intercostal
Which muscle weakly depresses the ribs?
Internal intercostal
Which muscle probably acts in the same manner as the internal intercostal muscles?
Innermost intercostal
Where does the subcostal muscle insert?
Superior border of ribs below
What is the main action of the transversus thoracis muscle?
Depresses ribs
Where does the innermost intercostal muscle insert?
Internal surface of lower ribs near their angles
What is the superior attachment of the internal intercostal muscle?
Superior border of ribs below
Where does the external intercostal muscle insert?
Inferior border of ribs
What is the inferior attachment of the subcostal muscle?
Inferior border of ribs
Where does the transversus thoracis muscle insert?
Internal surface of lower ribs near their angles
Where is the central tendon of the diaphragm located?
At the level of the middle of the xiphoid process and T9–T10 IV discs
What is the purpose of mediastinoscopy?
To view or biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes
Where is the needle inserted for pericardiocentesis?
Through the left 5th or 6th intercostal space near the sternum
Which artery bifurcates at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into internal and external branches?
Common carotid artery
What is located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and monitors O2, CO2, and pH levels?
Carotid body
What serves as the principal venous return for the neck?
External jugular vein
Where is the needle inserted for accessing the right subclavian vein?
Inferior to the thumb (middle of clavicle)
What access is used for right cardiac catheterization?
"Pulmonary artery catheter" access
What is the major cause of acute respiratory distress in a patient with a large embolus occluding a pulmonary artery?
Decrease in oxygenation of blood
What condition may develop due to a medium-sized embolus blocking an artery supplying a bronchopulmonary segment?
Pulmonary infarct
In physically active people, why may infarction be less likely to occur in the presence of a pulmonary embolism?
Presence of a collateral circulation
What is the outcome of a pulmonary embolism if an area of visceral pleura is deprived of blood?
Pleurisy
Which type of lung cancers may involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve, resulting in hoarseness?
Apical lung cancers
How does deep inspiration affect a PA radiograph?
Increases radiolucency of the lungs
What procedure might be required before placing a prosthetic crown on an abutment for dental implants?
Alveolar bone augmentation
Surgical access to the pterygopalatine fossa is gained through which sinus?
Maxillary sinus
What important structures are contained within the pterygopalatine fossa?
Maxillary nerve (CN V2), parasympathetic pterygopalatine ganglion, and third part of maxillary artery and accompanying veins
What anatomical structures are found in the superior mediastinum?
Aortic arch, superior vena cava, esophagus
What occurs when a patient changes from standing to supine position regarding the level of the arch of the aorta relative to the transverse thoracic plane?
Descends below the transverse thoracic plane
Which vein is not ideal for right cardiac catheterization due to its angle of junction with the subclavian vein?
External jugular vein (EJV)
What serves as an 'internal barometer' indicating rising venous pressure, such as in heart failure?
External jugular vein (EJV)
Where should the needle be inserted for right internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization?
Lateral to the common carotid artery at a 30° angle
For a supraclavicular brachial plexus block, where is the main injection site?
Around the supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus
What is the role of the carotid bodies?
Detection of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Which cranial nerves are at risk of injury during carotid endarterectomy?
Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
What may cause a transient ischemic attack (TIA) due to partial occlusion of the internal carotid artery?
Sudden focal loss of neurological function that disappears within 24 hours
What is affected due to the inclusion of the phrenic nerve in a cervical plexus block?
Respiratory function
Which veins may give diagnostic signs of heart failure or SVC obstruction when observed during physical examinations?
External jugular veins (EJVs)
Where is the main injection site for anesthesia of the upper limb in a supraclavicular brachial plexus block?
Around the supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus
For right cardiac catheterization, which vein is preferable due to its larger and straighter nature?
Internal jugular vein (IJV)
Where do the internal thoracic arteries descend?
Slightly lateral to the sternum and posterior to the upper six costal cartilages
Where do the internal mammary arteries terminate?
In the 6th intercostal space
What is the primary location of the intercostal neurovascular bundle?
Costal groove inferior to each rib
What does the pulmonary circulation supply?
Respiratory tissues
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three
Which lung region corresponds to its region of the chest that contains the root (hilum)?
Mediastinal region
What is a pneumothorax?
Presence of air in the pleural cavity
Where is a needle placed for thoracentesis?
Through an intercostal space into the pleural cavity
Which space is drained by a chest tube?
Pleural cavity
What is a pleurodesis?
Procedure to create adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura
What techniques are important during physical examinations?
Auscultation of lungs and percussion of thorax
Test your knowledge on the effects of pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress, and acute cor pulmonale. Understand the consequences of embolism on blood oxygenation and heart function.
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