Pulmonary Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

The primary lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis in childhood is known as a gumla focus.

False (B)

In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls leads to increased air space size distal to the terminal bronchiole.

True (A)

Proteases and antiproteases contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema by producing protease.

False (B)

Asthma is characterized by paroxysmal constriction of the bronchial airways and occlusion by thin mucous plugs.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis involves persistent cough with sputum production.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Non-small cell carcinoma accounts for 70-80% of epithelial lung tumours.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung primarily arises in the peripheral bronchi.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Cigarette smoking is a recognized cause of primary bronchial carcinoma.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Small cell carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of malignant lung tumours.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Histamine release in allergic asthma results from the activation of mast cells and basophils.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral tumours of the lung are typically adenocarcinomas.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Finger clubbing is a common metastatic effect of bronchial carcinoma.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Secondary lung tumours usually manifest as a solitary mass within the lung.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

A benign tumor cannot metastasize but can still be lethal, such as in the central nervous system.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Malignant tumors are incapable of invading and spreading from their original site.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Carcinomas primarily spread through blood.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Differentiation refers to how closely cancer resembles its original site of origin.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Epithelium refers to tissues that line external or internal surfaces of the body.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Anaplasia describes cells with a uniform appearance.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Oncogenes suppress tumor growth and prevent cancer formation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Germ cell tumors may affect reproductive systems such as testes and ovaries.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The primary cause of infections in the upper respiratory tract is typically bacterial.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The lower respiratory tract can be affected by secondary bacterial infections following a viral infection.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Acute laryngitis can be caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Pneumonia is a result of infection in the bronchial tree rather than in the alveolar spaces.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Lobar pneumonia inflammation starts in the bronchus and spreads to adjacent alveolar spaces.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

The defence mechanisms of the respiratory organs include nasal hairs and the cough reflex.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Viral sore throat can be caused by the Adenovirus.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Bronchopneumonia is characterized by interstitial pneumonia with initial atypical inflammation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae (A) Signup and view all the answers

Nosocomial pneumonia is defined as pneumonia acquired outside of a hospital setting.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name two gram-negative rod bacteria that are commonly associated with nosocomial pneumonia.

Klebsiella, E.coli, Pseudomonas Signup and view all the answers

Pneumococcal pneumonia often presents with an abrupt onset including symptoms like high fever, chills, and ______ chest pain.

pleuritic Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of pneumonia with its associated characteristics or causative agents:

Community-acquired pneumonia = Often follows a viral infection; common causative agent is Streptococcus pneumoniae Nosocomial pneumonia = Acquired in a hospital; commonly caused by gram-negative rods like Klebsiella and E. coli Pneumonia in immunocompromised host = Associated with opportunistic infections like CMV, Pneumocystis carinii, and Aspergillosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is typically associated with upper respiratory tract infections?

Mild and transient diseases (C) Signup and view all the answers

The lower respiratory tract includes the nose, larynx, and trachea.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name two defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract that can be impaired leading to pneumonia.

cough reflex, ciliary apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Common cold is most frequently caused by different serotypes of _________.

rhinovirus Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of pneumonia with its description:

Bronchopneumonia = Inflammation starts in bronchi and spreads to adjacent alveoli, often patchy and bilateral Lobar pneumonia = Inflammation starts in alveoli, spreads throughout an entire lobe, often with consolidation Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a typical cause of lower respiratory tract sepsis?

Trauma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Secondary bacterial infections can occur following a viral infection in the respiratory tract.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary host reaction in pneumonia, leading to consolidation?

alveolar exudates Signup and view all the answers

Acute laryngitis or epiglottitis can be caused by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ influenza type B or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pyogenes.

Haemophilus, Streptococcus Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism is impaired by cigarette smoke, hot gases, corrosives, and viruses?

Ciliary apparatus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Lobar pneumonia typically heals with fibrosis.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name one bacterial genus commonly associated with bronchopneumonia.

Streptococcus Signup and view all the answers

Influenza mainly involves the _________ respiratory tract and is accompanied by fever, lassitude, and depression.

upper Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in managing pneumonia according to the text?

Identifying the organism through culture and sensitivity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections are common in healthy individuals in developed countries.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is classically associated with atopic asthma?

Type I IgE hypersensitivity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung typically originates in peripheral lung tissue.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name two environmental antigens that can trigger atopic asthma.

dusts, pollen, foods, house dust mite Signup and view all the answers

Bronchial carcinoma is strongly associated with smoking, particularly the use of ______.

cigarettes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lung cancer types with their characteristics:

Squamous cell carcinoma = Arises in a main bronchus and may cause bronchial stenosis. Adenocarcinoma = Typically presents as peripheral tumours. Small cell carcinoma = May produce hormones leading to paraneoplastic syndromes. Large cell carcinoma = A subtype of non-small cell carcinoma, accounting for 10-15% of cases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of primary malignant lung tumour?

Epithelial (D) Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of bronchial carcinoma is currently higher in females than in males in the US.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

List two common sites of blood metastasis for bronchial carcinoma.

liver, adrenal glands, brain, bone Signup and view all the answers

Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung can produce hormones such as ACTH, ADH, and ______.

PTH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a non-metastatic systemic effect of bronchial carcinoma?

Liver metastasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which conditions are encompassed by the clinical term Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis is defined by a persistent cough with sputum production for at least six months in one year.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of emphysema related to the lung's air spaces?

abnormal permanent enlargement Signup and view all the answers

In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls is primarily due to an imbalance between increased ______ and decreased antiproteases.

proteases Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of asthma with its precipitating mechanism:

Allergic (Atopic) Asthma = Specific allergens; Type I (IgE) immune reaction Occupational Asthma = Chemicals; Type I and Cell Mediated immune reaction Nonatopic Asthma = Respiratory tract infection; Unknown; Hyper-reactive airways Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical symptom of asthma?

Paroxysmal constriction of bronchial airways (C) Signup and view all the answers

Emphysema is more commonly observed in women between 50-80 years old.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that predisposes individuals to chronic bronchitis by interfering with ciliary action.

smoke Signup and view all the answers

Status asthmaticus, an unremitting attack of asthma, can be potentially ______.

fatal Signup and view all the answers

In the pathogenesis of emphysema, what is the role of neutrophils and macrophages in smokers?

They produce elastase, leading to lung damage. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Respiratory System

The upper respiratory tract (upper RT) includes the nose, sinuses, larynx, trachea, and main bronchi.
The lower respiratory tract (lower RT) includes the bronchi, terminal bronchi, and lung parenchyma.
Upper RT Symptoms (Mild/Transient): Viral infections are common, causing often trivial or mild and transient conditions.
Lower RT Symptoms (Serious/Mortality): Bacteria, viruses, or atypical fungi can cause more serious conditions, frequently associated with morbidity and mortality, and often secondary to irritants.
Lower RT Infections: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, adenovirus, SARS-CoV-2, and various bacterial species (e.g., S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae type b, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) are possible causes. Upper respiratory tract infections may also be viral and bacterial.

Respiratory Organs' Defense Mechanisms

Cough reflex (aspiration)
Nasal hairs
Ciliary apparatus
Secretion of IgA antibodies
Phagocytic activity by alveolar macrophages
Accumulation of secretions
Alveolar fluid
Cell-mediated immunity (chronic diseases)
Virulent infections
Primary infections (viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, fungal)
Secondary bacterial infections (following a viral infection)
Secondary to irritants

Viral Infections

Common Cold: Acute inflammation of eyes and throat, with watery exudate. Secondary bacterial infection is possible.
Viral Sore Throat: Adenovirus causes pharyngitis; secondary bacterial infection (purulent pus) is possible.
Influenza: Primarily affects the upper respiratory tract; accompanied by fever, fatigue, and in serious cases, progresses to pneumonia.

Bacterial Infections

Streptococcus Pyogenes: Can cause acute laryngitis/epiglottitis and pneumonia.
Haemophilus influenzae type B/Streptococcus Pyogenes: Associated with pneumonia.
Pneumonia: Infection of alveolar spaces causing inflammation and exudates. Complications may include pleurisy. Bacterial pneumonia often leads to more serious illness.

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammation in bronchi, spreading to adjacent alveolar spaces.
Common bacterial causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus Aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and other bacteria.
Characterized by white, yellowish foci of condensation.

Lobar Pneumonia

Inflammation within an entire lobe.
Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (90-95% of cases).
Characterized by congestion, red and grey hepatization.
Viral pneumonia includes interstitial pneumonia, which is initially atypical. Viral causes can include Influenza A, B, Adenovirus, SARS-CoV, and other viruses; these infections are typically less severe than bacterial infections.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Primary tuberculosis in childhood may occur but is rare.
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This typically spreads through airborne droplets and can be an infection in itself or a secondary infection.

The Respiratory System 2

Chronic Bronchitis: Persistent cough with sputum production.
Emphysema: Weakening of air spaces, often due to destruction of alveolar walls, contributing to COPD.
COPD: Chronic bronchitis and emphysema frequently overlap; they can result in widespread air obstruction.
The pathogenesis of emphysema involves an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases, damaging lung tissue.
Asthma: Bronchial airways constrict, often through allergic reactions, irritant stimuli, or other triggers; airways are often clogged with thick mucous plugs.

Classification of Malignant Lung Tumors

Epithelial (90-95%):
- Non-small cell carcinoma (70-80%): Squamous cell, Adenocarcinoma, Large cell carcinoma
- Small cell carcinoma (20-25%): Oat cell

Bronchial Carcinoma

Incidence is high in the 40-70-year-old demographic.
Cigarettes are a primary causal factor.

Prognosis of Lung Tumors

Surgical resection, when possible, offers a better prognosis.
30-40% 5-year survival rate for patients who undergo surgical intervention.

Spread and Metastasis

Lung tumors can spread locally, through lymphatics (e.g., hilar, cervical), and through blood vessels (e.g., causing lesions in the liver, adrenal glands).
Non-metastatic systemic effects such as finger clubbing and cachexia may manifest.
Secondary tumors may be found at multiple sites.

Secondary Lung Tumors

Metastases from other primary cancers.
Multiple nodules spread throughout the lungs.
May arise from different organ systems (e.g., breast, kidney, testis).

Neoplasia

Neoplasia: New growth, benign or malignant.
Tumor: New growth (benign or malignant).
Cancer: Malignant new growth.
Oncology: Study of cancer.
Pathologist: Studies disease in general.
Oncologist: Treats cancer patients.
Benign tumors (suffix -oma) cannot metastasize but can still be lethal (e.g., CNS tumors).
Malignant tumors (e.g., -carcinoma) have the ability to invade and spread.
Differentiation represents the resemblance of the cancer to its original tissue type.
Pleomorphism: Variation in the size and shape of cancer cells.
Mitotically Active: Rapid cell division and proliferation.

Cell Types

Epithelium: Lining tissue
Mesenchymal: Bone, cartilage, muscle
Germ cell: Reproductive systems (e.g., testes, ovaries)
Benign: Cannot metastasize (spread) but can be lethal.
Malignant: Cancer spreads from original site.

Epidemiology

Epidemiology: Study of disease occurrence in different populations. Factors like environment, age, and occupational exposures are key influences.
Environmental Factors: A major factor in many diseases.
Ageing Population: Increase in cancer cases, including lung cancers, with age.
Iatrogenic Factors: Medical treatments, like chemotherapy, can provoke cancer as a side effect.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key aspects of pulmonary diseases, including tuberculosis, emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. This quiz will cover lesions, causative factors, and symptoms associated with these conditions. Learn and reinforce your understanding of respiratory pathologies relevant to patients.

Pulmonary Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

The primary lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis in childhood is known as a gumla focus.

In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls leads to increased air space size distal to the terminal bronchiole.

Proteases and antiproteases contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema by producing protease.

Asthma is characterized by paroxysmal constriction of the bronchial airways and occlusion by thin mucous plugs.

Chronic bronchitis involves persistent cough with sputum production.

Non-small cell carcinoma accounts for 70-80% of epithelial lung tumours.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung primarily arises in the peripheral bronchi.

Cigarette smoking is a recognized cause of primary bronchial carcinoma.

Small cell carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of malignant lung tumours.

Histamine release in allergic asthma results from the activation of mast cells and basophils.

Peripheral tumours of the lung are typically adenocarcinomas.

Finger clubbing is a common metastatic effect of bronchial carcinoma.

Secondary lung tumours usually manifest as a solitary mass within the lung.

A benign tumor cannot metastasize but can still be lethal, such as in the central nervous system.

Malignant tumors are incapable of invading and spreading from their original site.

Carcinomas primarily spread through blood.

Differentiation refers to how closely cancer resembles its original site of origin.

Epithelium refers to tissues that line external or internal surfaces of the body.

Anaplasia describes cells with a uniform appearance.

Oncogenes suppress tumor growth and prevent cancer formation.

Germ cell tumors may affect reproductive systems such as testes and ovaries.

The primary cause of infections in the upper respiratory tract is typically bacterial.

The lower respiratory tract can be affected by secondary bacterial infections following a viral infection.

Acute laryngitis can be caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes.

Pneumonia is a result of infection in the bronchial tree rather than in the alveolar spaces.

Lobar pneumonia inflammation starts in the bronchus and spreads to adjacent alveolar spaces.

The defence mechanisms of the respiratory organs include nasal hairs and the cough reflex.

Viral sore throat can be caused by the Adenovirus.

Bronchopneumonia is characterized by interstitial pneumonia with initial atypical inflammation.

Which of the following is a common causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia?

Nosocomial pneumonia is defined as pneumonia acquired outside of a hospital setting.

Name two gram-negative rod bacteria that are commonly associated with nosocomial pneumonia.

Pneumococcal pneumonia often presents with an abrupt onset including symptoms like high fever, chills, and ______ chest pain.

Match the type of pneumonia with its associated characteristics or causative agents:

Which of the following is typically associated with upper respiratory tract infections?

The lower respiratory tract includes the nose, larynx, and trachea.

Name two defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract that can be impaired leading to pneumonia.

Common cold is most frequently caused by different serotypes of _________.

Match the type of pneumonia with its description:

Which of these is NOT a typical cause of lower respiratory tract sepsis?

Secondary bacterial infections can occur following a viral infection in the respiratory tract.

What is the primary host reaction in pneumonia, leading to consolidation?

Acute laryngitis or epiglottitis can be caused by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ influenza type B or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pyogenes.

Which defense mechanism is impaired by cigarette smoke, hot gases, corrosives, and viruses?

Lobar pneumonia typically heals with fibrosis.

Name one bacterial genus commonly associated with bronchopneumonia.

Influenza mainly involves the _________ respiratory tract and is accompanied by fever, lassitude, and depression.

What is a crucial step in managing pneumonia according to the text?

Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections are common in healthy individuals in developed countries.

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is classically associated with atopic asthma?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung typically originates in peripheral lung tissue.

Name two environmental antigens that can trigger atopic asthma.

Bronchial carcinoma is strongly associated with smoking, particularly the use of ______.

Match the following lung cancer types with their characteristics:

What is the most common type of primary malignant lung tumour?

The incidence of bronchial carcinoma is currently higher in females than in males in the US.

List two common sites of blood metastasis for bronchial carcinoma.

Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung can produce hormones such as ACTH, ADH, and ______.

Which of the following is NOT considered a non-metastatic systemic effect of bronchial carcinoma?

Which conditions are encompassed by the clinical term Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Chronic bronchitis is defined by a persistent cough with sputum production for at least six months in one year.

What is the primary characteristic of emphysema related to the lung's air spaces?

In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar walls is primarily due to an imbalance between increased ______ and decreased antiproteases.

Match the type of asthma with its precipitating mechanism:

Which of the following is a typical symptom of asthma?

Emphysema is more commonly observed in women between 50-80 years old.

Name one factor that predisposes individuals to chronic bronchitis by interfering with ciliary action.

Status asthmaticus, an unremitting attack of asthma, can be potentially ______.

In the pathogenesis of emphysema, what is the role of neutrophils and macrophages in smokers?

Study Notes

The Respiratory System

Respiratory Organs' Defense Mechanisms

Viral Infections

Bacterial Infections

Bronchopneumonia

Lobar Pneumonia