Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the primary differences between CFCs and HFCs in Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs)?
What are the primary differences between CFCs and HFCs in Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs)?
Which type of inhaler uses mechanical energy derived from a spring to generate a metered dose?
Which type of inhaler uses mechanical energy derived from a spring to generate a metered dose?
Which inhaler device is designed to accommodate patients who cannot use traditional inhalers, such as young children and severely ill patients?
Which inhaler device is designed to accommodate patients who cannot use traditional inhalers, such as young children and severely ill patients?
Which type of inhaler has a dose and particle size distribution that is independent of the variable inspiratory flow of the patient?
Which type of inhaler has a dose and particle size distribution that is independent of the variable inspiratory flow of the patient?
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What type of energy is used to generate a metered dose in Soft Mist™ Inhalers?
What type of energy is used to generate a metered dose in Soft Mist™ Inhalers?
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What are the primary formulations used in nebulizers?
What are the primary formulations used in nebulizers?
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What is one of the features of the lungs that can facilitate systemic delivery of drugs?
What is one of the features of the lungs that can facilitate systemic delivery of drugs?
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In the context of pulmonary delivery, what does CSA:ASA ratio of 0.88 indicate?
In the context of pulmonary delivery, what does CSA:ASA ratio of 0.88 indicate?
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Why is pulmonary delivery suitable for non-respiratory diseases like proteins and peptides?
Why is pulmonary delivery suitable for non-respiratory diseases like proteins and peptides?
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What is a key advantage of targeted delivery to the lungs?
What is a key advantage of targeted delivery to the lungs?
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In the context of EXUBERA, what was a challenge related to dose description inconsistency?
In the context of EXUBERA, what was a challenge related to dose description inconsistency?
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Why did patients using EXUBERA still need subcutaneous injections of longer-acting insulin?
Why did patients using EXUBERA still need subcutaneous injections of longer-acting insulin?
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What was the primary reason for Exubera's poor sales performance?
What was the primary reason for Exubera's poor sales performance?
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Which of the following is not a disadvantage of Exubera?
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of Exubera?
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Which of the following is a possible reason for the poor sales of Exubera apart from its high cost?
Which of the following is a possible reason for the poor sales of Exubera apart from its high cost?
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What was the primary reason for Pfizer's decision to 'write off' Exubera?
What was the primary reason for Pfizer's decision to 'write off' Exubera?
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Which of the following best describes the deposition mechanisms of inhaled particles in the respiratory tract?
Which of the following best describes the deposition mechanisms of inhaled particles in the respiratory tract?
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Which of the following is not a factor affecting lung deposition mechanisms in patients?
Which of the following is not a factor affecting lung deposition mechanisms in patients?
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Which of the following is not a type of inhalation system?
Which of the following is not a type of inhalation system?
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Which of the following is not a property of Technosphere® particles?
Which of the following is not a property of Technosphere® particles?
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Which of the following is not a possible reason for the poor sales of MannKind's Pulmonary Insulin?
Which of the following is not a possible reason for the poor sales of MannKind's Pulmonary Insulin?
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Which of the following is not a factor affecting the deposition of particles in the human lung?
Which of the following is not a factor affecting the deposition of particles in the human lung?
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Study Notes
Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs)
- MDIs incorporate a propellant under pressure to generate a metered dose of an aerosol through an atomization nozzle.
- MDIs use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as propellants.
- CFCs were banned due to their contribution to ozone layer depletion, and HFCs have higher vapor pressures and poorer solvency.
Developments in MDIs
- Spring-mediated inhalers (SMIs) use mechanical energy to force a drug solution through a nozzle, producing a dose-independent aerosol.
- Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler is an example of an SMI.
Nebulizers
- Nebulizers are atomizers that produce a high concentration of droplets from liquids.
- They use a compressor and pump to deliver a fine mist of medication.
- Nebulizers are suitable for people who cannot use inhalers, such as young children and those who are very ill.
Advances in Nanomedicine
- Few examples of drugs and polymeric carriers are available for pulmonary delivery.
Pulmonary Delivery
- The lungs have a large surface area, good vascularization, and immense capacity for solute exchange, making them suitable for systemic delivery.
- Inhalation allows for targeted delivery, rapid absorption, and absence of first-pass metabolism.
Inhalation Dosage Forms
- Inhalation dosage forms have been used for over 4000 years.
- The lungs have a large surface area, thin alveolar epithelium, and good vascularization, making them suitable for systemic delivery.
Exubera
- Exubera is an inhaled insulin product that delivers insulin through oral inhalation.
- It was withdrawn from the market due to poor sales figures.
- The product had several disadvantages, including the need for patients to still use subcutaneous insulin, inconvenient inhalation device, and confusing dose equivalence.
Lung Deposition Mechanisms
- Mechanisms of deposition include impaction, interception, sedimentation, diffusion, and electrostatic precipitation.
- Particle size affects total deposition of particles in the human lung.
Devices
- Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) are breath-actuated and use the patient's inhalation to disperse and generate the aerosol.
- DPIs require supporting data on dose consistency and flow rate independence.
- Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs) and nebulizers are other types of inhalation devices.
Development of Formulation and Devices
- The development of formulations and devices involves high complexity and complexity.
- Particle engineering, particle size distribution, and drug-carrier interactions are important factors in DPI development.
Technosphere Particles
- Technosphere particles are used in DPIs, such as the MedTone inhaler with a single-use cartridge containing Technosphere/Insulin powder (AFREZZA).
- FDKP (fumaryl diketo piperazine) is a white solid with a molecular weight of 452 Daltons that is highly soluble in water at neutral-basic pH.
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Description
Test your knowledge on pulmonary delivery and inhalation dosage forms, exploring the features of the lungs that facilitate systemic delivery, such as large surface area, good vascularization, and thinness of the alveolar epithelium. Understand why inhalation allows for direct delivery to the lungs with reduced systemic side effects.
