28 Questions
During gas exchange in the lungs, diffusion primarily occurs at which interface?
Alveolar air/blood gas exchange interface
Which step is NOT involved in the process of external respiration?
Cellular respiration
What is the term for the volume of air exhaled after maximum inspiration?
Vital capacity
At rest on a typical American diet during the post-absorptive state, what is the ratio of oxygen consumption to carbon dioxide production?
1:2
In Fick's equation for gas diffusion, what does 'A' represent?
Area of the membrane
What is the approximate surface area of the human lung responsible for gas exchange?
75 m²
What is the primary muscle involved in normal inspiration during respiration?
Diaphragm
Which process involves oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy?
Cellular respiration
Which lung volume results in the mixing of 'fresh' and 'stale' air?
Total lung capacity
In which loop is the pulmonary circulation characterized as a low-pressure loop?
Pulmonary loop
What happens during expiration (deflation) in respiration?
Diaphragm relaxes
What is the average diffusion distance for the alveolus/capillary diffusion interface?
~100-200µm
What effect does a decrease in pH or an increase in PCO2 have on oxygen affinity?
Decrease oxygen affinity
Which factor promotes oxygen delivery to active warmed muscles during exercise?
Increase in temperature
What does an increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) do to oxygen affinity?
Decrease oxygen affinity
How does an increase in temperature affect oxygen affinity?
Decrease oxygen affinity
What is the primary effect of the Bohr effect (pH) on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Decreases oxygen affinity
Which factor facilitates oxygen unloading at tissues without affecting oxygen binding at respiratory surfaces?
Decrease in pH
What is the primary regulator in air-breathers for ventilation according to the information provided?
CO2
Where are the central chemoreceptors located for detecting oxygen/CO2 levels?
Medulla oblongata
What is the percentage of O2 in atmospheric air at sea level?
21%
How is most of the oxygen transported in blood?
Bound to hemoglobin
What does each hemoglobin molecule bind reversibly to?
4 oxygen molecules
What is the main factor that affects hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Oxygen partial pressure in blood
Which type of curve does myoglobin exhibit in terms of oxygen binding?
Hyperbolic
Where do the central pattern generators for ventilatory movements initiate from?
Medulla oblongata
What is the total atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
In a gas mixture, how does each gas contribute to the total pressure?
By its partial pressure
Test your knowledge on Chapter 13: Alveolar air/blood gas exchange, blood/tissue gas exchange, respiration, and the gas exchange processes between the body and the environment. Explore topics like external respiration, ventilation, gas diffusion, and gas transport between capillary blood and tissue cells.
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