Pulmonary and Metabolic Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is atelectasis?

A type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

A condition characterized by increased lung capacity

An infection in the respiratory system

The complete or partial collapse of a lung (correct)

Which condition describes the inability to completely empty the bladder?

Urinary stasis

Urinary retention (correct)

Urinary reflux

Urinary infection

Which of the following indicates reduced skin turgor?

Thickening of the skin

Enhanced blood flow to the skin

Increased hydration

Loss of elasticity in the skin (correct)

What is a benefit of regular exercise?

Improved muscle mass and strength Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of immobility on the gastrointestinal system?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the backward flow of urine from the bladder to the kidneys?

Urinary reflux Signup and view all the answers

Which nutritional condition is associated with a negative nitrogen balance?

Anorexia Signup and view all the answers

What does decreased endorphin levels in the psychoneurologic system indicate?

Increased stress and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are basic elements of normal movement?

Base of support Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise involves muscle contractions that result in movement of the joint?

Isotonic exercise Signup and view all the answers

What effect does immobility typically have on the cardiovascular system?

Diminished overall endurance Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence a person's body alignment?

Time of day Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of regular aerobic exercise?

Improves cardiovascular health Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise is characterized by high intensity and short duration without oxygen?

Anaerobic exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about client nutrition related to exercise is accurate?

Overnutrition can lead to decreased exercise performance. Signup and view all the answers

What type of range-of-motion exercise is characterized by the client performing the exercise independently?

Active ROM Signup and view all the answers

What type of exercise involves muscle contraction without joint movement?

Isometric exercises Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit is associated with the cardiovascular system as a result of exercise?

Lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of a sedentary lifestyle?

Decreased cardiovascular health Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise uses resistance to induce muscle contraction?

Isokinetic exercises Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise benefit the musculoskeletal system?

Maintains bone density and strength Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect exercise can have on the gastrointestinal system?

Improved appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of immobility on the body?

Decreased blood flow and risk of stasis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can influence exercise success according to external factors?

Health states Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory Conditions

Atelectasis refers to the collapse of part or all of a lung, leading to decreased oxygen exchange.
Hypostatic pneumonia is a chronic disorder that develops slowly due to prolonged immobility and can occur in a bedridden patient.

Metabolic System Effects

Decreased metabolic rate can indicate impaired bodily functions and energy use.
Negative nitrogen balance suggests muscle breakdown exceeds synthesis, leading to loss of muscle mass.
Anorexia often refers to a loss of appetite affecting nutritional intake.
Negative calcium balance occurs when calcium loss outpaces intake, risking bone health.

Urinary System Conditions

Urinary stasis indicates a cessation in urine movement, although urination may still be possible.
Renal calculi are commonly known as kidney stones, formed from mineral deposits.
Urinary retention is the inability to fully empty the bladder, which can lead to overflow.
"Dribbling" of urine describes uncontrolled leakage.
Urinary infections can arise from various pathogens and lead to discomfort.
Urinary reflux is when urine flows back from the bladder to the ureters and kidneys, increasing the risk of infections.

Gastrointestinal System Concerns

Constipation is characterized by infrequent or uncomfortable bowel movements, impacting overall digestive health.

Integumentary System Issues

Reduced skin turgor indicates dehydration or other health issues affecting skin elasticity.
Skin breakdown is a risk in immobile patients, leading to pressure ulcers.

Psychoneurologic System Factors

Decreased endorphin levels can negatively impact mood, causing increased stress and anxiety.

Nursing Management

Comprehensive nursing history and physical examination are crucial for assessing activity and exercise capability.
Assess personal values and lifestyles that can influence health, including sedentary habits, family, and external factors like climate and finance.
Evaluating prescribed limitations such as rehabilitation and nursing recommendations is essential for patient care.

Exercise Concepts

Functional strength pertains to the ability to perform tasks effectively.
Activity tolerance is the capacity to engage in daily activities without adverse effects on health.
Types of exercises:
- Isotonic (dynamic) exercises involve muscle contraction with joint movement.
- Isometric (static) exercises focus on muscle contraction without joint movement, targeting specific muscle groups.
- Isokinetic (resistive) exercises require resistance and promote muscle tension.

Benefits of Exercise

Musculoskeletal System: Regular exercise maintains muscle tone, joint health, and bone density.
Cardiovascular System: Exercise lowers blood pressure, improves oxygen uptake, and enhances heart rate stability.
Respiratory System: Exercise boosts gas exchange, improves toxin elimination, and strengthens immune response.
Gastrointestinal System: Regular activity improves appetite, gastrointestinal tone, and helps manage digestive disorders.
Metabolic/Endocrine System: Exercise increases heat production, waste elimination, and regulates blood sugar levels.
Urinary System: Promotes effective waste excretion and helps prevent urinary stasis and infections.
Immune System: Enhances immune function through improved lymphatic circulation.

Normal Movement Principles

Key components include alignment, posture, line of gravity, center of gravity, and base of support.
Understanding joint movement is essential for facilitating activities of daily living (ADLs).
Nutritional status, including undernutrition and overnutrition, as well as vitamin deficiencies (e.g., Vitamin D), are critical in maintaining overall health.

Nursing Responsibilities

Identify and assess factors influencing mobility, including alignment, gait, muscle strength, and any problems arising from immobility.
Develop and apply nursing diagnoses and outcomes connected to activity, exercise, and mobility issues.
Implement safe practices during patient handling and mobility, including assessments for range of motion (ROM).
Educate clients regarding the use of mechanical aids for walking to enhance safety and independence.

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Description

Explore key concepts related to pulmonary and metabolic disorders, including atelectasis, hypostatic pneumonia, and their impacts on the urinary system. Test your understanding of these medical conditions and their physiological effects. This quiz is ideal for students of health sciences or medical studies.