Public Value Management

Public Value Management

• Public value in a developmental setting pertains to the public expectations or needs
• Managers in this setting oversee public resources and work to achieve specific goals that they are accountable for
• Accountable managers stay within policy frameworks and contextual relevance
• To be accountable, faithful agency is essential, with the resources, knowledge, and expertise to effectively turn policies into action
• This also involves enhancing service effectiveness and promoting equity via policy advice, interpretation, feedback, and innovation

Five Aspects of Development, Policy, and Management

• Management of public value in a developmental setting provides an introduction
• The history and theories of development offers contextual knowledge
• Policy objectives in a developmental setting are important
• The art and science of policy management is key
• Understanding the art and science of public value management

Development Theories

• An absence of theory in development agencies leads to only relieve visible symptom
• Development theories were mainly conceived if there was one emerging pattern of development.
• Europe defined the world with Europeans as its contemporaries, depicting "empire a time machine"

Sub-Saharan Africa's Development

• Umeh and Andranovich note that contemporary sub-Saharan Africa presents a dismal picture regarding the conditions of people, economies & states
• Historically, Africa was brought into the global economy via extraction from foreigners and African partners providing armed assistance

Development Contexts

• Sections are dedicated to the African public value context, and discussing merchant capitalism and colonialism
• Main development theories and their relevance are explored
• Various development constructs and key institutional role players are discussed
• Exploration into the "Developmental State"

African Public Value Before Western Influence

• Contemporary African public value generation does not derive from the knowledge/wisdom of indigenous civilizations
• The Kingdom of Axum (modern Ethiopia) existed by 400BC and traded spices with India.
• They established trade routes to Rome for goods from inland Africa and connected with the Silk Road via Pakistan
• Correspondence refers to the Kingdom as an Empire by 300 AD
• The Ethiopian Empire, also known as Abyssinia, lasted from approximately 1137 - 1974
• Ethiopia resisted the Scramble for Africa by colonial powers in the 19th century
• Covering modern-day Zimbabwe, South Africa, Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania, the Monomatapa Kingdom existed in the 11th century
• The powerful kings of Monomatapa traded with Arabia and Asia, showcasing an advanced civilization
• The kingdom fell with the influx of tribal groups fleeing Zulu king Shaka, where smaller tribal groups amalgamated for survival
• They were ruled by King Mzilikazi, who had served King Shaka

Pre-Colonial Southern Africa

• The Ndebele lived near modern Tshwane and moved north to Matabeleland
• In the 17th century, Europeans met the Khoikhoi at the Cape of Good Hope, noting their harmonious community and sophisticated language
• These indicate civilizations and public value systems existed long before Western interference

African Tribal Social Structures

• African tribal social life featured leadership from chiefs restrained by checks on power
• Societies were governed by "indaba," meaning "government by discussion"
• Leaders were answerable, legislation required consultation, and customs/traditions were upheld
• Collective decision-making used advisors/indunas, and consultation took place in general councils with community members
• Council approval is required for a proposed measure to become law
• Pre-colonization, indigenous African political systems typically had centralized authority, administrative machinery, and centralized judiciary.
• Rulers devolved power to overcome communication/transportation challenges and check central authority
• Local chiefs represented local interests and the central authority
• This system created bargaining, reconciliation, compromise, consensus, and cooperation

Impacts of Western Globalization

• Western globalization and post-WWII development practices have diminished the public value of these societies
• Traditional and non-Western practices were treated as inferior by Western practices

Western Merchant Capitalism

• Merchant capitalism and colonialism impacted development negatively in Africa,
• Merchants accumulated fortunes through global trade and plundering, the slave trade being in the triangular trade system
• European goods were traded for African slaves, who were sold to America to produce goods back to Europe
• An estimated nine million Africans were enslaved from 1650 to 1850, with two million dying during transport
• The triangle trade generated huge profits for Europe and the social/economic result were devastating
• Trade patterns damaged across Africa and local money supplanted with Western currencies
• Small wealthy local elites arose who were associated with European and American merchants
• These aspects spurred export dependence and created economies dominated by the West, representing the start of globalization
• Merchant capitalism created circumstances for easy colonial occupation with the disruption and displacement of local frameworks

Colonialism's Political Dynamics

• Colonialism extended the economics of exploitation with political domination.
• "The Scramble" had many reasons, it controlled sea routes, French protectionism, and French-British rivalry
• This divided the world into 30 colonies and protectorates controlled by other countries

The Impact of Technology on Colonial Rule and Development

• Colonizers were able to use technology and brute force to colonize
• Resistance to the occupying forces was put down
• Features of colonialism were monopolization; wage labor; and imposition of colonizers
• Britain and France competed to maintain presence for raw materials & outlets
• This happened through political structures and granting legal rights to companies
• It destroyed traditional land patterns, supplanted traditional forms of agriculture; therefore many were forced to work for wages
• Forced labor migration occurred and this created a large wage labor
• Law and order restricted and destroyed traditional political/legal institutions
• Indirect rule from the British allowed systems to remain only if it served the capitalist endeavours
• The French systems replaced local traditions using assimilation

Theories of Development

• The western capitalist impact has been critical
• Dependency and related theories must be seen as contending to Modernization theories
• Development theory as scientific inquiry only became acknowledged as such after World War II (Davids, et al, 2009: 4)
• Modernization's origins go back to 18th century economic growth theory; dependency theory, 19th century
• Desai and Potter state that development emerged from debates such as The Scottish Enlightenment and Adam Smith

Evolutionism and Linear Progression of Development

• Pieterse identifies 19th century Evolutionism from the British Empire's theory with antecedents dating back to Aristotle and the Athenian empire
• It was informed by Victorian Anthropology and race science-predecessor to modernisation theory
• The European Linear Progression of Stages was featured in evolutionism

Marx's Progression of Development

• Five successive stages of the development
• Primitive Communism, the first stage, is seen in cooperative tribal societies
• Slave Society, the second stage, develops as the tribe becomes a city-state where Aristocracy is born
• Feudalism, the third stage, features aristocracy, where merchants develop into capitalists
• Capitalism, the fourth stage, features capitalists that create working class
• Socialism/Dictatorship of the Proletariat, the fifth state, features workers gaining class consciousness, overthrowing capitalists, and taking control of the state
• Communism, the final stage, features a classless and stateless society sharing production of goods

Examining Trends in Development

• Development theory trends parallel general shifts in social sciences
• Initially, there was a structuralist with macro-structures as key, shifting towards agency-oriented view.
• A move from determined to interpretative, from materialist and reductionist to multi-dimensional and holistic emerges
• A movement from structuralism to constructivism (socially constructed realities) also occurred

Modernization Theory

• Product of the post-World War II
• Was from the USA, in the context of American Globalism, and the Cold War (synonymous to Westernization)
• Based on the belief government can contribute positively toward social progress, victories upon which this grew
• Walt Rostow is considered the classic of modernisation theory, with his "The stages of economic growth - An anti-communist manifesto"

Rostov's model Includes the following stages

• Traditional society is a large proportion engaged in low productivity
• Agriculture/ no savings, low capitalisation, high illiteracy, a kin-oriented, hierarchical social system
• "Progress" overcomes tradition, ensures economic growth
• This stage is characterized by exogenous interference & dismantling the traditional society
• Economic growth framework occurs
• Rapid expansion of western technologies occurs
• Entrepreneurial ability occurs
• Lifestyles & consumption increases

Modernization Assumptions

• Assumed linear movement from baseline of traditional practices to modernity
• Assumed that growth and development are synonyms
• Initial states are a dual economy but exists independently
• Sectors and or areas create islands of modernity
• Development benefit diffuses from modern to the underdeveloped areas

Neoliberalism

• Central objective is economic growth
• Its to be achieved through reform
• "Get the prices right, let the market forces do their work
• Agency of development switches from state to market

Critiques of Modernization theory includes:

• Over-simplification of several factors with human coexistence
• Cannot be analyzed to predict factors for social changes
• Degree of equilibrium needs consideration with modern and functioning society
• Can't treat by adding modernisation medicine
• Process is perceived as controllable and predictable though regression can occur
• There is a standardising context
• Context for all societies is unthinkable due to a different European and North American contexts
• The American discourse is not viewed as the west It implies that only western societies have a history, and those colonisation no particular impact.
• development is deterministic caused from outside
• It is criticised for its assumption process for system stability Reality is, there unbalanced change

Dependency Theory Rooted In Karl Marx's Theories

• Classical Imperialism and a few decades later Neo-Colonialism preceded
• Classical imperialism was associated with the works of John A Hobson and Vladimir Lenin

Classical Theory of Imperialism

• Explained the expansion due to domestic capital
• Post imperialism focused more on formation in the third world

Hobson's Main Argument:

• competition, concentrates small money into hands of few, causes imbalance allocating too much to employers
• Too little to workers, therefore surplus was invested in Capital investments
• Imperial expansion and pressure on governments to increase Colonies were potential to sell goods at more terms
• search for "unsaturated" markets, could through conditions of workers.

Rosa Luxemburg's Argued:

• Capitalists increase processes for then need to sell Realised on investment until goods have accumulate
• When no new markets are gained & no exploitation, accumulation impossible

Neo Colonialism:

• Colonialism is a serious threat
• The exploitation and control over less developed has not been violence free, including actions The sacrifices inspired two of capitalism, the classes
• The internal became in exporting domestic the rich and poor of

Dependency Theorists

• dependency writing structuralism is and marxist theorist
• America’s consequence with advanced nations in developed countries surplus, also economic and the elites
• America’s underdevelopment was the consequence
• Advanced and to maintain prevent nations partnerships surplus appropriated American both the

Amin in “Accumulation to create confused scales”

• theory: what out consisting more the argued development