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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of public relations as defined by PRSSA?
What is the primary focus of public relations as defined by PRSSA?
The term 'flacks' is a positive term used to describe PR professionals.
The term 'flacks' is a positive term used to describe PR professionals.
False
Who is known as the 'Father of Public Relations'?
Who is known as the 'Father of Public Relations'?
Edward Bernays
______ refers to presenting information in a biased manner to sway public opinion.
______ refers to presenting information in a biased manner to sway public opinion.
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Match the following PR pioneers with their contributions:
Match the following PR pioneers with their contributions:
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What is 'Astroturf' in the context of public relations?
What is 'Astroturf' in the context of public relations?
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Crisis management is primarily concerned with promoting new products.
Crisis management is primarily concerned with promoting new products.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) involves ethical practices where businesses contribute to ______ well-being.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) involves ethical practices where businesses contribute to ______ well-being.
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Which country is described as having a developmental media model with authoritarian control?
Which country is described as having a developmental media model with authoritarian control?
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Somalia's media system is primarily based on a unified national framework.
Somalia's media system is primarily based on a unified national framework.
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What is the main characteristic of the media landscape in Tunisia following the Arab Spring?
What is the main characteristic of the media landscape in Tunisia following the Arab Spring?
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The media in ___ reflects the struggle for statehood and is used for cultural identity.
The media in ___ reflects the struggle for statehood and is used for cultural identity.
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Match the countries with their corresponding media model:
Match the countries with their corresponding media model:
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Which of the following countries has a largely authoritarian media model but also includes some elements of development?
Which of the following countries has a largely authoritarian media model but also includes some elements of development?
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Lebanon's media is free from any influence of political or religious factions.
Lebanon's media is free from any influence of political or religious factions.
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Identify a characteristic of the media in Saudi Arabia.
Identify a characteristic of the media in Saudi Arabia.
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In Yemen, the media primarily serves as a tool for ___ due to political fragmentation and war.
In Yemen, the media primarily serves as a tool for ___ due to political fragmentation and war.
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Which country experiences revolutionary media transitions but faces challenges in breaking from decades of state control?
Which country experiences revolutionary media transitions but faces challenges in breaking from decades of state control?
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What is the primary role of Al Jazeera in Qatar's media landscape?
What is the primary role of Al Jazeera in Qatar's media landscape?
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Self-censorship is uncommon among journalists in Morocco.
Self-censorship is uncommon among journalists in Morocco.
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State the primary media model that Oman aligns with.
State the primary media model that Oman aligns with.
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Qatar invests in ___ to establish itself as a media hub.
Qatar invests in ___ to establish itself as a media hub.
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Match the following countries with their media system concepts:
Match the following countries with their media system concepts:
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What issue is heavily censored in both Morocco and Oman?
What issue is heavily censored in both Morocco and Oman?
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Social media provides unlimited avenues for expression in Oman.
Social media provides unlimited avenues for expression in Oman.
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Name one of the challenges faced by independent media in Morocco.
Name one of the challenges faced by independent media in Morocco.
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Qatar's media is heavily _________ but projects a more progressive image.
Qatar's media is heavily _________ but projects a more progressive image.
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Which of the following countries has allowed limited private media?
Which of the following countries has allowed limited private media?
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Al Jazeera operates with a high degree of independence in reporting on Qatari governance.
Al Jazeera operates with a high degree of independence in reporting on Qatari governance.
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What is the focus of media in Oman?
What is the focus of media in Oman?
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Media in Qatar is used as a tool for ________ power.
Media in Qatar is used as a tool for ________ power.
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Match the countries with their respective media focuses.
Match the countries with their respective media focuses.
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the promotion mix?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the promotion mix?
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Volney Palmer established the first advertising agency in the U.S. during the 1840s.
Volney Palmer established the first advertising agency in the U.S. during the 1840s.
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What is product placement?
What is product placement?
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Buzz marketing is a __________ marketing technique maximizing word-of-mouth communication.
Buzz marketing is a __________ marketing technique maximizing word-of-mouth communication.
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What major factor contributed to the rise of brands in the post-Civil War era?
What major factor contributed to the rise of brands in the post-Civil War era?
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The rise of radio and television advertising began in the 1960s.
The rise of radio and television advertising began in the 1960s.
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What does glocalization mean?
What does glocalization mean?
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Cultural __________ refers to the blending of global and local cultural elements.
Cultural __________ refers to the blending of global and local cultural elements.
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Match the following key media concepts with their definitions:
Match the following key media concepts with their definitions:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of media systems in authoritarian regimes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of media systems in authoritarian regimes?
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The global village concept suggests that cultural exchange is encouraged through media.
The global village concept suggests that cultural exchange is encouraged through media.
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What is the role of public relations?
What is the role of public relations?
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The post-Civil War era saw growth in __________ leading to increased branding.
The post-Civil War era saw growth in __________ leading to increased branding.
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Which agency technique helps bypass consumer resistance to traditional advertising?
Which agency technique helps bypass consumer resistance to traditional advertising?
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Cultural hybridization results in a homogenous global culture.
Cultural hybridization results in a homogenous global culture.
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Study Notes
Public Relations (PR)
- PR is a strategic communication process building mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.
- PR professionals are sometimes called "flacks" which is a critical term.
- Public relations is the management function of building beneficial relationships between an organization and its key stakeholders.
- Spin is a biased and misleading presentation of information to influence public opinion.
- Astroturf refers to fake grassroots support for something.
- Pseudo-events are events staged to attract media attention.
- Ivy Lee advocated honesty and transparency in PR, but his handling of the Ludlow Massacre damaged his reputation.
- Edward Bernays is considered the "Father of Public Relations," developing the two-way model of PR using social science.
- Crisis management is essential to protect a reputation during crises such as scandals or disasters.
- Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) involves ethical business practices to benefit society, like Budweiser producing hand sanitizer during COVID-19.
- Major PR functions include media relations, community relations, internal relations, lobbying, and public affairs.
Advertising
- Advertising is paid communication promoting products, services, or ideas to specific audiences.
- The 4Ps of the marketing mix are product, price, promotion, and place.
- The promotion mix includes advertising, public relations, sales promotions, and personal selling.
- Volney Palmer founded the first US advertising agency, streamlining ad placement for clients.
- Product placement integrates branded products into movies, TV shows, and games.
- Buzz marketing uses word-of-mouth to increase sales.
- Post-Civil War, the rise of manufacturing contributed to the growth of brands, and slogans such as "It floats" for Ivory soap.
- The rise of radio and television advertising enabled national ad reach and fostered consumer behavior research.
- Conglomerates brought advertising, marketing, and public relations together.
- Target markets are segmented based on demographics, psychographics, and behavior.
- Consumer resistance and technology (like ad-blockers) forced advertisers to innovate.
Global Media Timeline
- Hachten's Five Media Concepts include Western (balance of freedom & responsibility), Development (media partner w/gov't), Revolutionary (support revolutionary goals), Authoritarian (serves the state), and Communist (propagandizes).
- Cultural imperialism is the dominance of Western media, particularly US media, influencing global cultures.
- The Global Village is the concept that media connects the world into a single entity.
- US media programming dominates global, culturally hybridized programming, and cultural content is localized for distinct markets.
- Comparative Media Systems study global media to understand political, economic, and cultural influences on media systems.
- Diversity vs. Homogenization debate considers whether media systems encourage cultural exchange or homogenization.
When Global Meets Local
- Globalization is the spread of media, products, and ideas across national boundaries.
- Glocalization adapts global media to local cultures.
- Cultural hybridization blends global and local elements.
- Media resistance involves local cultures creating indigenous content.
- Localization is adapting content to local tastes.
- Cultural imperialism is influence of dominant cultures, especially Western media, on local traditions.
- Globalization's impacts debate concerns global interconnectedness and cultural exchange vs. cultural diversity erosion and corporate influence.
- Comparative media systems analysis examines how politics, culture, and economy affect media content.
- Case studies on cultural hybridization include K-pop, Bollywood, and adaptations of international formats like talent shows, exemplifying media fragmentation as niche markets proliferate.
RHA: Morocco, Qatar, and Oman
- Morocco's media system combines controlled liberalization with state influence, with restrictions on topics like the monarchy.
- Censorship mechanisms include laws on defamation and internet use.
- Qatar's media is state-controlled, but Al Jazeera projects a global independent image while avoiding critical coverage of Qatari issues.
- Oman's media is highly controlled and prioritizes national unity and cultural values.
- Common authoritarian control and focused development amongst all three countries are observed, with limitations in independent media.
- Media systems are controlled by authoritarian measures but aim to develop various cultural aspects.
- Countries have global versus local media differences, wherein Qatari's media (Al Jazeera) maintains international influence, while the other two countries mainly promote domestic influence.
Media Systems of Arab Countries
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Media systems in various Arab countries vary, categorized as developing or authoritarian with revolutionary or transitioning stages.
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Various nations are categorized into a developmental or authoritarian stance, or a revolution transitioning to developmental systems. For example, countries such as Algeria, Bahrain, and Egypt, hold varied positions in different models. Countries like Tunisia shift to more Western/pluralistic forms.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of public relations in this quiz. Learn about key concepts, historical figures like Edward Bernays, and aspects like crisis management and corporate social responsibility. Test your knowledge on the strategies that build effective communication between organizations and their publics.
