Public Management Theories

To achieve efficiency, effectiveness, and economy in the utilization of resources

Corruption, lack of accountability, limited resources, and poor service delivery

Public management focuses on achieving specific outcomes, while public administration focuses on implementing policies and laws

To improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness of public services

They possess skills, knowledge, and abilities to manage resources, lead teams, and achieve outcomes

It enables the effective allocation of resources, improves service delivery, and enhances accountability

General Management and Function-specific Management

Planning

To check and correct deviations from the planned course of action

They are interconnected and interdependent

Efficient and effective delivery of public services

On the citizen-centric approach

To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public services by introducing business-like practices and Performance Standards.

Managerial autonomy, performance standards, output orientation, decentralization, competition, and privatization.

It enables the public sector to adopt efficient and effective management practices from the private sector, leading to improved performance and accountability.

Through performance standards, output orientation, and decentralization, which enable citizens to evaluate the performance of public services and hold them accountable.

It allows for greater autonomy and decision-making power at the local level, enabling more responsive and effective service delivery.

Through privatization, outsourcing, and public-private partnerships, which introduce competition and market disciplines into the public sector.

It focuses on the achievement of specific outcomes and results, rather than mere compliance with rules and procedures.

They provide a framework for evaluating the performance of public services, enabling citizens to hold them accountable for their results.

Effective tests are measures that evaluate the extent to which an individual has achieved the objectives of the training program.

Formal training is structured and planned, whereas informal training is unplanned and occurs through daily work experiences.

The primary goal is to improve the performance and productivity of managers and employees.

Low productivity can lead to slow growth, poor quality, lack of coordination, and poor customer satisfaction.

Training is essential in South Africa to address educational deficiencies, promote multilingualism, and enhance labor relations.

Creativity is the process of generating new and innovative ideas, solutions, or products.

The steps are preparation, incubation, investigation, and verification.

Brainstorming is a technique that generates a large number of ideas in a short period of time.

Individual creativity focuses on personal ideas and solutions, while group creativity involves collaborative thinking and problem-solving.

Leaders play a crucial role in promoting creativity by creating a conducive environment, providing resources, and encouraging risk-taking.

To ensure accountability and transparency in the delivery of public services

It allows for greater autonomy and flexibility in decision-making, leading to improved responsiveness to citizen needs

It encourages organizations to innovate and improve their services to remain competitive, leading to better outcomes for citizens

It brings in expertise and best practices from the private sector to improve public sector management and service delivery

To evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of public services and programs

It emphasizes transparency, accountability, and performance measurement to ensure responsible use of public resources

It enables citizens to participate in decision-making and hold public officials accountable for service delivery

To lead and manage organizational change, ensuring that reforms are implemented effectively and sustainably