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Questions and Answers
What event led to the passing of the Great Reform Act in 1832?
Why were more taxes being raised by the Government during the war with France?
How was crime predominantly addressed before the establishment of the Bow Street Runners?
Why did Henry and John Fielding believe crime was rising in London?
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Who were the individuals responsible for ending highway robbery around London in the late 18th century?
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What led to the establishment of the Bow Street Runners?
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Why were punishments for criminals particularly harsh, even for younger offenders?
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What was the primary concern of the government during the rapid growth of towns and cities in the 1800s?
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Which of the following contributed to the rapid spread of disease in the 1800s?
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Which disease was the most feared during the 1800s?
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Which theory did Edwin Chadwick propose to explain the rapid spread of cholera?
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What prompted the government to set up an enquiry in the 1830s to investigate the conditions in towns and cities?
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What were the main causes of poor public health in the towns and cities mentioned in the text?
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What was the minimum age for children to work in factories after the 1833 Factory Act?
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Which of the following factors did NOT determine a person's class in the 1700s and 1800s?
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What was the maximum number of hours per day that children aged 9-13 could work according to the 1833 Factory Act?
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Which of the following was NOT a common working condition issue in the 1800s?
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In what year were laws making Trade Unions legal introduced?
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Which of the following Acts was adopted to improve working conditions and safety in factories and workshops?
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What was the main motivation behind introducing the new Poor Law in 1834?
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Who were the main proponents of legal reforms to protect factory and mine workers?
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What was an 'apprentic house' in the 1800s?
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What was the main purpose of the 1842 Mines Act?
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Who was a successful London doctor in 1854 who believed diseases like Cholera were passed on by having contact with an infected person?
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Who was asked to draw up plans for an underground sewer system to take away sewage from London’s streets after Chadwick's report and Snow's findings?
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Who led a team of nurses to care for wounded British soldiers in Turkey during the Crimean War in 1854?
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Who was responsible for building 134km of sewers to remove 1.9 billion litres of sewage a day and ended cholera epidemics in London?
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Who wrote several books on nursing, set up a nurse training school, and advised the government on hospital design after the Crimean War?
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Who published a report in 1842 which highlighted many problems within Public Health, leading to the 1848 Public Health Act and influenced the work of John Snow and Florence Nightingale?
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Who was a 'contagionist' and tested his theory of diseases being passed on by having contact with an infected person in 1854?
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Who was a 'contagionist' and tested his theory of diseases being passed on by having contact with an infected person in 1854, influencing Bazalgette's sewer system that ended cholera epidemics in London?
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What was the main purpose of the harsh conditions inside the workhouse?
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What was the outcome of the Andover Workhouse scandal?
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What was the fear of the government and landowners after the French Revolution?
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What was the Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions (GNCTU) aiming to do?
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What was the result of improvements in medical knowledge?
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What was the purpose of friendly societies and trade unions?
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What was the outcome of the Chamberlain Circular in 1886?
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What happened in 1831?
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What was the result of the Poor Law?
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Study Notes
The Poor Law and Workhouses
- Under the new Poor Law, parishes were grouped into unions, and each union had to build a workhouse if they did not already have one.
- Poor people could only get help if they were prepared to leave their homes and go into a workhouse, except in special circumstances.
- Conditions inside the workhouse were deliberately harsh to deter people from seeking help.
- Families were split up and housed in different parts of the workhouse.
- The poor were made to wear a uniform, and the diet was monotonous.
- There were strict rules and regulations to follow.
- Inmates, male and female, young and old, were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs.
- Children could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines.
Scandals and Reforms
- Shortly after the new Poor Law was introduced, scandals hit the headlines, including the Andover Workhouse scandal.
- In response, the government introduced stricter rules for those who ran the workhouses and set up a system of regular inspections.
- However, inmates were still at the mercy of unscrupulous masters and matrons who treated the poor with contempt and abused the rules.
Fear of Revolution and the Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions
- After the French Revolution, the government became terrified of something similar happening in Britain.
- The authorities were on the lookout for signs of conspiracy and viewed the Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions (GNCTU) as a threat.
- Employers disliked the idea of working people co-operating and demanding better pay and conditions.
Improvements in Medical Care and the Poor Law
- Improvements in medical knowledge meant fewer people were suffering from long-term illnesses and received effective medical care.
- The Poor Law also provided increasing amounts of medical care for the poor, reducing the number of people out of work due to medical issues.
- Friendly societies and trade unions provided mutual insurance policies, offering workers and their families some protection against income loss.
Government and Taxation
- Governments became more involved in people's lives, with the war with France (1803-1814) forcing the Government to raise more money through taxes.
- Local authorities were given powers to raise their own taxes to pay for a police force.
- There was a widespread belief that crime, especially violent crime, was on the increase.
Crime and Punishment
- Catching criminals was difficult, and punishments were harsh to act as a deterrent.
- Over 200 crimes were punishable by execution, known as capital crimes.
- Henry Fielding and his brother John introduced a horse patrol to stop highwaymen and established the Bow Street Runners, a team of thief-takers who patrolled the streets of London.
Public Health
- Disease and sickness spread quickly in overcrowded and filthy conditions.
- Cholera was a major concern, with outbreaks in 1831 and 1849.
- Edwin Chadwick's report led to the 1848 Public Health Act, allowing councils to spend money on cleaning up.
- Joseph Bazalgette built an underground sewer system to take away sewage from London's streets.
Factories and Mines
- Many people thought the government should not interfere with the way factories and mines were run.
- Reformers campaigned for laws to protect factory and mine workers, leading to the 1833 Factory Act and the 1842 Mines Act.
- Inspectors were appointed to enforce the laws, and gradually, factories and mines became safer and more bearable.
Trade Unions and Education
- By the 1870s, trade unions were becoming more accepted, and workers were allowed to join together to negotiate for improvements to pay and working conditions.
- Most people understood where they 'fitted' into society, divided into three classes: upper, middle, and working class.
- Educational opportunities were limited, especially for the working class.
Inventions and Innovations
- Florence Nightingale transformed nursing, introducing sanitation and hygiene practices in hospitals.
- John Snow's work on cholera led to the understanding that diseases were caused by contact with infected people or contaminated water.
- Bazalgette's sewer system eradicated cholera in London.
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Description
Explore the challenges faced by towns and cities in the 1800s regarding public health. Learn about the lack of sanitation facilities, rapid urbanization, and the impact on the well-being of ordinary people.
