Cholera and Immigration: 1840s Ireland

<p>It develops naturally after exposure to infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On a small island. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They led to increased mortality rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 24 hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protecting the body from pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds to a G protein and causes an influx of ions into the intestines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis and cholera. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replicate outside of a host cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are self-replicating proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stops pathogens from entering the body through nonspecific barriers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi that can cause infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the transmission of Vibrio bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protozoans have a nucleus; prokaryotes do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polluted water from a pump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vibrio cholerae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enters a state of shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid accumulation leading to severe dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It interferes with water balance regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accelerates to compensate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By sheer numbers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration and electrolyte loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonspecific barrier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They 'eat' microbes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interferons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to red, warm, and painful swelling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells binding to a foreign antigen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce and secrete more antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destroying virus-invaded cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To coat bacteria and facilitate their removal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They specialize in killing infected cells or pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It attacks the foreign organ. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibody-mediated immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He studied the bursa of Fabricius and its importance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunosuppressive disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remain in the body for long-term immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve the availability of organs through regenerative medicine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using weakened forms of pathogens to stimulate memory cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are transferred temporarily from one individual to another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A temporary form of immunity using antibodies from animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They specifically target diseased cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies from the mother through breast milk. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the body's rejection of the transplanted organ. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A serious intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, resulting in severe dehydration due to diarrhea, potentially leading to death within 24 hours.

A disease caused by the presence and multiplication of a pathogenic organism in a host organism.

Disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

The body's defense mechanism against infection and disease, composed of specialized cells and organs.

The innate immune system of a host, recognizing and attacking harmful organisms through natural defense mechanisms.

A method of conferring immunity to a disease by injecting a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen.

Temporary immunity achieved through the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.

Drugs that inhibit the growth or kill bacteria.

John Snow traced the cause of the cholera outbreak in London to contaminated water from a specific pump. Removing the pump handle stopped the spread of the disease.

Robert Koch discovered the bacteria responsible for cholera, Vibrio cholerae, by examining the feces of cholera patients under a microscope.

Cholera causes dehydration and electrolyte loss, leading to shock due to insufficient blood circulation. The intestines fill with fluid, causing low blood pressure and rapid heart rate.

Loss of electrically charged substances needed for muscle function. This loss is a major consequence of cholera.

Pathogenic means that the bacteria can cause disease. Vibrio cholerae is a pathogenic bacteria that leads to cholera.

The bacteria survive the acidic environment of the stomach by sheer numbers. They then attach to cells in the small intestine and release a toxin.

The toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae enters the intestinal cells and disrupts the water balance, leading to dehydration.

When cholera leads to severe dehydration and electrolyte loss, it can cause multiple organs to stop functioning properly.

Single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Examples include bacteria and archaea.

Cholera toxin binds to a G protein, activating it and causing chlorine and sodium ions to rush into the intestines. This influx of ions draws water, resulting in diarrhea.

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms. Examples include giardia, amoeba, and plasmodium.

Fungi (like those that cause yeast infections, athlete's foot, and ringworm) are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause disease.

Non-living pathogens that require a host cell to replicate. They are composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein coat.

Misfolded proteins that can cause disease by converting normal proteins into their misfolded form.

Mechanical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. These barriers are nonspecific, meaning they don't target specific pathogens.

Examples include skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, and the normal flora of the body. They are not designed to target one specific type of pathogen.

The process of transferring organs from one person to another to replace damaged or non-functional organs.

Medicines that suppress the immune system, preventing it from attacking the transplanted organ.

Specialized immune cells that "remember" a specific pathogen and can quickly mount a defense if re-exposed.

Immune cells that directly kill infected cells or pathogens by releasing toxins.

Donors and recipients are matched based on blood type and tissue compatibility to reduce the chance of the recipient's immune system rejecting the transplanted organ.

Immune cells that activate other immune cells, like cytotoxic T cells, and coordinate the immune response.

A field of medicine focused on developing therapies to repair or regenerate damaged tissues or organs.

A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues.

A condition where the immune system is weakened, making the body more susceptible to infections.

A special organ in birds that is involved in the development of B cells, which produce antibodies.

Antivenom contains antibodies that neutralize snake venom, providing temporary immunity.

An immune response that involves T cells directly attacking infected cells or pathogens.

An immune response where antibodies produced by B cells bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction.

The first line of defense against pathogens, which act generally against a wide range of invaders. Examples include skin and mucous membranes.

Specialized immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. They are part of the second line of defense.

Immune cells that target and destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells. They are part of the second line of defense.

Proteins produced by infected cells that help signal other cells to resist viral infection. They are part of the second line of defense.

Proteins that coat bacteria, making them easier for macrophages to engulf and destroy. They are part of the second line of defense.

The body's response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. It brings immune cells to the affected area.

Foreign molecules that trigger an immune response. They are recognized by the immune system as 'non-self'.