Public Health Educational Strategies Quiz

Public Health Week 4

• Learning objectives include comparing determinants of disease, illustrating public health approaches to identify contributory causes, interpreting intervention options, analyzing public health data types, differentiating perceptions' effect on information interpretation, analyzing public health ethics, distinguishing between risk assessment types, analyzing interactions' impact on risks, and illustrating systems thinking.

• Learning objectives also cover analyzing systems thinking differences, illustrating system characteristics, analyzing systems analysis using systems diagrams, demonstrating interaction between factors, illustrating bottlenecks and leverage points, analyzing systems thinking in public health, and illustrating and employing One Health.

• Social determinants of health include economic stability, neighborhood and built environment, education access and quality, social and community context, and healthcare access and quality. The Healthy People 2030 initiative defines these factors.

Economic Stability

• One in ten U.S. residents live in poverty—this correlates with reduced health.
• Achieving stable employment is crucial to reducing poverty and improving health outcomes.

Neighborhood and Built Environment

• Creating healthy and safe neighborhoods is a public health goal.
• Interventions and policies at various levels (local, state, and federal) help mitigate health and safety risks.
• Examples include sidewalk and bike lane development.

Education Access and Quality

• Increased educational opportunities improve children and adolescent health and well-being.
• Children from lower-income families and those with disabilities often face more challenges in school and are less likely to succeed academically, leading to reduced health and economic opportunities.

Social and Community Context

• Increasing social and community support has a positive impact on health and well-being by mitigating challenges and dangers. Positive interactions reduce negative impacts on health and well-being.

Healthcare Access and Quality

• Improving access to comprehensive, high-quality healthcare is crucial.
• Strategies to increase health insurance coverage are important to ensure everyone receives necessary care.
• One in ten people lack health insurance, highlighting the need for broader coverage.

PERIE Approach

• The process involves understanding a problem through problem definition, establishing etiology, finding recommendations, and evaluation/implementation of solutions.

Interventions-When, Who and How

• Interventions are timed in relation to the disease's progression: primary (before disease onset), secondary (during disease progression, but prior to irreversible disability), and tertiary (after initial symptoms, but prior to irreversible disability).
• Interventions should be directed at specific individuals, groups, vulnerable populations, broader communities, or all members.
• Employing education, incentives/motivations, obligations, and requirements is critical for implementation success.

Types of Public Health Data

• Case reports, vital statistics (birth, death, marriage data), and disease registries are key data types.
• Surveys and sample-based data collection assist in understanding population health trends.

Types of Public Health Data (Cont)

• Self-reports are important data for patient side effects.
• Sentinel monitoring monitors for disease outbreak patterns.
• Syndromic surveillance identifies or tracks unusual symptom patterns. This data can assist in identifying outbreaks.

How Do Perceptions Affect Interpretation of Information

• The dread effect exaggerates the fear related to information, creating a distorted view of risk.
• Unfamiliarity effect creates bias towards risks associated with unknown situations.
• Uncontrollability effect reduces the perceived threat of risks outside our control.

Bioethical Principles

• Bioethics considers autonomy, liberty, privacy and individuals aspects.
• Public health ethics focuses on common good, paternalism, protection and societal impact.

Nuremberg Trials

• Nuremberg code resulted from reviewing research ethics abuses, including crimes of Nazi concentration camps. The code establishes 10 key ethical principles.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

• The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) violated ethical principles.
• Six hundred African American men, 399 infected with syphilis, were given free medical exams, meals, and burial insurance but were not treated.

Belmont Report

• The Belmont report has served as a guide for ethical research studies. It ensures respect for persons, beneficence (the well-being of research participants), and justice (fair treatment in research).

Risk Assessment

• Risk assessments estimate potential hazards through understanding the exposure by the quantity, route, and time frame.
• Occupational investigations provide examples of risk assessments, including studies on chimney sweeps (testicular cancer from coal soot), radiation exposure to watch makers, and asbestos exposure.

Four Step Risk Assessment

• Hazard identification: determines health effects caused by pollutants.
• Dose-response relationship: identifies health problems at different exposure levels.
• Exposure assessment: determines exposure levels to pollutants and the number of people exposed.
• Risk characterization: assesses extra health risks for the exposed population.

Public Health Assessment

• A public health assessment examines current and historical data on exposures within a community.
• Risk assessments take years to complete and consider community-wide impacts (rather than local risks).

Ecological Risk Assessment

• Ecological risk assessments evaluate the effects of contaminants (chemicals, radiation, and genetically altered crops) on ecological systems.
• Examples include mercury risks and their impact on fish and wildlife consumption by humans.

Multiplicative Interaction

• Multiplicative interactions between exposures can often result in greater negative impacts, resulting in outcomes greater than the sum of their individual parts. This is a key finding in analyzing risks.
• Radon exposure and cigarette smoking are examples of multiplicative risks that substantially increase the risk of lung cancer.

Systems Analysis

• Systems analysis focuses on interactions between factors and influencing outcomes and goes beyond the reductionist view.
• Systems diagrams trace factors' interactions (reinforced/increased vs. dampened/decreased), and how they contribute to outcomes.
• Systems analysis uses identifying key factors to create systems diagrams, indicating the direction and impact of interactions, distinguishing between reinforcing and dampening feedback loops.

One Health

• One Health emphasizes that human, animal, and ecosystem health are inter-dependent.
• Zoonotic diseases (spreadable to humans from animals) are examples of interconnected health concerns.
• History shows emerging diseases, like HIV and COVID-19, can be linked to environmental changes and interactions between these levels.