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Questions and Answers
What was the primary focus of the community development programme?
What was the primary focus of the community development programme?
What time frame describes the social engineering phase in public health?
What time frame describes the social engineering phase in public health?
Which of the following health issues became prevalent during the social engineering phase?
Which of the following health issues became prevalent during the social engineering phase?
What was the major public health goal set by WHO in 1981?
What was the major public health goal set by WHO in 1981?
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Which of the following is NOT a core activity in public health?
Which of the following is NOT a core activity in public health?
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The evaluation of public health programs assesses all of the following except:
The evaluation of public health programs assesses all of the following except:
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Who is responsible for conducting programme evaluation?
Who is responsible for conducting programme evaluation?
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Which aspect was put into priority during the social engineering phase of public health?
Which aspect was put into priority during the social engineering phase of public health?
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What is one of the CDC's operating principles for guiding public health activities?
What is one of the CDC's operating principles for guiding public health activities?
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What is the primary purpose of health promotion?
What is the primary purpose of health promotion?
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How does public health intend to address the health gap between rich and poor?
How does public health intend to address the health gap between rich and poor?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting evaluations in public health programs?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting evaluations in public health programs?
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What is the primary focus of public health?
What is the primary focus of public health?
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Which step is NOT involved in the evaluation process?
Which step is NOT involved in the evaluation process?
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During which phase was the concept of health promotion first introduced in public health?
During which phase was the concept of health promotion first introduced in public health?
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How does health promotion impact society?
How does health promotion impact society?
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Which approach includes practices such as immunization and case findings in public health?
Which approach includes practices such as immunization and case findings in public health?
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Which of the following describes a goal of evaluating public health programs?
Which of the following describes a goal of evaluating public health programs?
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What was a significant focus of public health during the Disease Control Phase?
What was a significant focus of public health during the Disease Control Phase?
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What does health promotion strive to teach individuals?
What does health promotion strive to teach individuals?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a direct measure in public health?
Which of the following is NOT considered a direct measure in public health?
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What did social engineering phase (1961 – 1980) in public health emphasize?
What did social engineering phase (1961 – 1980) in public health emphasize?
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Which of the following best defines public health?
Which of the following best defines public health?
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What was one of the key initiatives during the Health Promotional Phase?
What was one of the key initiatives during the Health Promotional Phase?
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Study Notes
Public Health Concepts
- Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease
- Public health is the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort
- Public health deals with the health of entire populations and preventing diseases affecting society, rather than individuals
- Public health practice includes direct and indirect approaches
Direct Approaches
- Immunization programs for children
- Modern birth control methods
- Hypertension and diabetes screening
Indirect Approaches
- Improving environmental safety standards
- Ensuring a safe water supply
- Implementing proper sewage disposal techniques
- Promoting better nutrition
Concepts in Public Health
- Disease Control Phase (1880-1920): Public health focused on sanitary reforms to control the environment (water supply, sewage disposal) to improve overall health but did not target specific diseases
- Health Promotional Phase (1921-1960): A shift towards individual health promotion, including personal health services like maternal and child health, school health, industrial health, and mental health/rehabilitation services. Two key movements were: -Provision of basic health services: Primary healthcare centers and subcenters in rural and urban areas -Community development: Fostering community participation for development
- Social Engineering Phase (1961-1980): Focus shifted to chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and substance abuse. This phase recognized that chronic diseases required a different approach than traditional methods, necessitating social and behavioral interventions
- Health for All Phase (1981-2000): The goal was to narrow the health gap between rich and poor within and between countries. Promoting health as a social & economic driver
- Core activities in public health including:
- Preventing epidemics
- Protecting the environment, workplace, food, and water
- Promoting healthy behaviors
- Monitoring the health status of the population
- Mobilizing community actions
- Responding to disasters
- Ensuring quality, accessibility, and accountability in medical care
- Developing new insights and innovative solutions
- Leading sound health policy and planning
Evaluation of Public Health
- Evaluation is a systematic process assessing program achievements, adequacy, effectiveness, and acceptance from all parties involved.
- Evaluation is conducted by policymakers, researchers, and the community (students, NGOs).
- Evaluation is essential for organizational practices in public health but not always consistently applied across all areas.
Need for Evaluation
- Review progress towards desired health outcomes nationally and locally
- Identify reasons for any gaps
- Contribute to improved health planning
- Document project results funded by donor agencies
- Improve health programmes and infrastructure
- Make health activities more relevant, efficient, and effective
Steps in Evaluation
- Determining what to evaluate
- Establishing standards and criteria
- Planning methodology
- Gathering information
- Analyzing results
- Taking action
- Re-evaluating
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Description
Explore fundamental concepts in public health, focusing on both direct and indirect approaches to promoting health and preventing diseases. Learn about immunization programs, environmental safety, and community efforts in health management. This quiz covers key historical phases and practices in the field of public health.
