Public Health Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which group is at the highest risk of developing anemia due to dietary iron deficiency?

  • Elderly individuals
  • Teenage boys and adult men
  • Children under five years old
  • Teenage girls and adult women (correct)

What is one of the top five causes of death in fertile women in underdeveloped countries?

  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Diabetes
  • Tuberculosis (correct)
  • Liver disease

What lifestyle intervention can help reduce breast cancer risk?

  • Sedentary behavior
  • Consistent consumption of processed foods
  • Increased caffeine intake
  • Long-term breastfeeding (correct)

Which type of cancer is commonly associated with HPV in women?

<p>Cervical cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT significantly contribute to the risk of breast cancer?

<p>High carbohydrate consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of period prevalence inquiries?

<p>Occurrences in the past five years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does incidence measure in a health system?

<p>Proportion of new cases in a defined population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a goal of the incidence rate?

<p>To reduce ongoing treatments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the need for a health system to be fair to all patients?

<p>Equitable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does efficiency in a health system specifically refer to?

<p>Producing quality health outcomes at lower costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of acute care?

<p>Emergency treatment for a heart attack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not considered one of the five fundamental competencies of health professionals?

<p>Conducting health research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Ceteris Paribus' imply in the context of health systems?

<p>Other variables remain constant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant focus of the Ancient Greeks in terms of health?

<p>Personal hygiene and fitness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is known as the father of public health and epidemiology?

<p>John Snow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered one of the requirements for survival?

<p>Education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which achievement is recognized as one of the greatest in public health?

<p>Vaccination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of public health focuses on data analysis and interpretation?

<p>Biostatistics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the biomedical concept of health?

<p>Absence of disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health disparity is specifically related to women's health?

<p>Cancer screening and management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three indicators used to manage health levels in society?

<p>Childhood obesity rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the controllable factors contributing to breast cancer risk?

<p>Obesity and alcohol consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase of maternal health during pregnancy?

<p>Psychological Support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health risk that can be identified during pregnancy?

<p>Intimate partner violence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a pillar of safe motherhood?

<p>Clean safe delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the holistic concept of health emphasize?

<p>The well-being of the whole person in context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can contribute to cervical cancer deaths in developing countries?

<p>Lack of treatment opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes an effective method of contraception?

<p>Tubal ligation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a subjective measure related to health?

<p>Illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the criticism of WHO's definition of health?

<p>It treats health as a static condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a health risk in maternal health before pregnancy?

<p>Genetic conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicators is considered the best measure of health levels?

<p>Infant mortality rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of health promotion in women?

<p>Family planning and Reproductive Life Planning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of prevalence in medical measurements?

<p>The total number of cases in a well-defined population at a specified time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can be controlled in breast cancer prevention?

<p>Family history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'handicapped' refer to in health discussions?

<p>Loss of bodily function and social roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal health concern can arise postpartum?

<p>Lactation issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of cross-sectional studies in health research?

<p>They gather data from participants only once (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the loss of bodily functions?

<p>Disability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QALY measure reflect in health assessments?

<p>Health-related quality of life over different periods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of calculating DALY?

<p>To measure the burden of injury and disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key reason for needing filiation against measles?

<p>It is highly contagious (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is YLD calculated in the context of DALY?

<p>Product of severity of disability and time lived with the disability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is DALY primarily used in healthcare analysis?

<p>When measuring the burden of injury or disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total deaths was ischemic heart disease responsible for?

<p>16% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT categorized under the common causes of death?

<p>Tuberculosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does YLL stand for in the context of DALY calculations?

<p>Years of Life Lost (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Public Health

A branch of health concerned with protecting and improving the health of communities

Epidemiology

The study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

Biomedical Concept

Health defined by the absence of disease; sees the body as a machine.

Ecological Concept

Health is a balance between people and their environment.

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Infant Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

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Maternal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of mothers during pregnancy or childbirth.

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Vaccination

A process of administering a vaccine, which is a biological preparation, to provide immunity against diseases.

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10 Greatest Public Health Achievements

Key milestones in improving public health, including vaccinations, safer workplaces, and declines in certain diseases.

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Holistic Health

A multidimensional approach to health, considering biomedical, ecological, and psychosocial factors in a person's environment.

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Psychosocial Health

Health that considers social, psychological, cultural, economic, and political factors affecting people's wellbeing.

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WHO Health Criticism

The criticism of the WHO definition of health is that it describes health as static, when it is actually dynamic and improvable.

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Health Indicators

Measurements used to assess the levels of health in a population.

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Prevalence

A proportion of cases in a population at a specific time. Includes old and new cases.

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Point Prevalence

Prevalence measured at a single point in time.

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Disease vs Illness

Disease is objective (medical signs), while illness is subjective (patient symptoms).

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Cross-sectional Studies

Studies that collect data from a population at a single point in time, without follow-up.

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Period Prevalence

Proportion of cases in a population during a specific time period. Includes existing and new cases.

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Life-time Prevalence

Proportion of cases in a population who have ever had a disease or condition during their lifetime.

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Incidence

Proportion of NEW cases in a specific population, at a particular time period.

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Incidence Rate

Number of new cases per person-time unit in a population.

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Ceteris Paribus

Holding all other factors constant.

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Health System Resources

All components necessary for a health system's function; human, financial, physical (facilities) & other.

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Health System Principles

Core values for optimal health system performance (ex: safety, efficiency, equity).

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Health Service Delivery

The methods (different levels) of providing care (ex: preventive, acute).

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Measles Filiation

Measles Filiation is the investigation and tracing of measles cases to identify the source or spread of the disease

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QALY

A measure of health-related quality adjusted life years, used to assess the value of medical interventions.

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DALY

Disability-Adjusted Life Years, representing the total burden of disease and injury, considering both lost years of life and time lost due to disability.

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YLL

Years of life lost due to premature death. Calculating the years of life lost by the premature death of an individual.

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YLD

Years lived with disability; the result from severe disability times the time lived with this disability.

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Top Cause of Death (Cardiovascular)

Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, such as ischemic heart disease and stroke.

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Outbreak Investigation

The process to study and understand an outbreak of illness, which includes steps for studying its origin and how it spreads.

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Burden of Disease

The impact of diseases and/or injuries on the health of a population. A comprehensive measure of the negative impacts of diseases.

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Teenage girls' anemia risk

Teenage girls and adult women have a higher risk of anemia due to menstrual blood loss and rapid growth if their iron intake is low.

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Maternal health issues

Many women die from complications during childbirth and lack access to modern contraceptives.

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Breast cancer prevalence

Breast cancer is the most common cancer globally, affecting women after puberty, and incidence rises over time

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Breast cancer risk reduction

Behaviors and interventions (e.g., breastfeeding, exercise, avoiding harmful substances) can reduce breast cancer risk by up to 30%.

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Cervical cancer link

Cervical cancer in women is linked to HPV infections.

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Cervical Cancer Deaths

90% of cervical cancer deaths occur in developing countries due to lack of treatment and screening.

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Breast Cancer Risk (Controllable)

Factors like obesity, lack of breastfeeding, alcohol use, and hormone therapy are modifiable risk factors for breast cancer.

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Breast Cancer Risk (Uncontrollable)

Age, family history, race, and genetic factors are inherent risk factors for breast cancer that can't be altered.

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Maternal Health Risks

Pregnancy can reveal pre-existing health risks, including hypertension, diabetes, depression, and STDs, affecting both mother and child.

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Safe Motherhood Pillars

Family planning, antenatal care, clean delivery, and emergency obstetric care are essential for safe childbirth.

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Effective Contraception

Methods like drugs, vasectomy, condoms, tubal ligation, and IUDs offer reliable birth control.

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1-year infant mortality

Infant mortality rates differ significantly between developed and developing countries; extremely high rates in developing countries, compared to developed countries.

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Maternal Health (Pre-Pregnancy)

Pre-pregnancy nutrition affects fetal development, birth weight, and infant health.

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Maternal Health (Pregnancy)

A healthy pregnant woman needs balanced nutrition, breast care, and prevention of infections.

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Maternal Health (Post-Partum)

Postpartum care includes preventing infections, managing bleeding, and ensuring proper lactation and birth spacing.

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Study Notes

Public Health

  • The 5 Ps of Public Health are Prevention, Promotion, and Protection. Population-based health is the newest one.
  • Public health differs from medicine in being population-based, while medicine is individual-based.
  • Disease prevention, health promotion via interventions (environment and behavior), and government involvement (some private entities) are components of public health.
  • Diagnosis, treatment, medical care, and a private sector (in addition to a public sector) are facets of medicine.
  • Prevention is cheaper and safer than treatment.

Definitions of Public Health

  • Public health is the science and practice of protecting and improving community health.
  • This encompasses preventive medicine, health education, communicable disease control, and environmental health monitoring.
  • Winslow's definition is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort.

History of Epidemiology

  • John Snow conducted a natural epidemiological experiment and found cholera was transmitted by contaminated water.
  • Public health became a social concern during a time of health issues.

History of Public Health

  • Public health became significant when health became a social obligation.
  • Elements of health include lifestyle, education level, health, and economic level.
  • The requirements for survival include air, water, food, and shelter.

Health Systems

  • The 5 fundamental competencies of health professionals comprise: patient-oriented service, working as an interdisciplinary team member, evidence-based practice, continuous quality improvement, and utilizing information technologies to the maximum extent possible.
  • Effective, safe, patient-oriented, timely, efficient, and equitable principles form the basis of a health system.
  • Efficiency in health implies delivering the maximum health quality possible at the lowest possible cost under normal conditions; effectiveness is under ideal conditions.
  • Key health service delivery types are preventive, acute, chronic, and palliative.

Health System Resources

  • Human and financial resources are components of a health system.
  • The three main health models are the Beveridge (UK), Bismarck (Germany/Turkey), and private (US) models.
  • Health systems analysis is broken down into ten key areas that include financing and human resources.

Health Services

  • Health care involves the community and individual efforts related to increasing, improving, and maintaining overall health.
  • This covers aspects of health protection, therapy, and rehabilitation.
  • Health services encompass preventive (individual and community-based) and curative (first, second, and third-step care) types.
  • Key health services also include physical and social rehabilitation.

Healthy Urban Governance

  • Healthy urban governance promotes better housing, sanitation, waste management, and neighborhood safety, while also ensuring food security and access to essential services.
  • Urban health governance also involves understanding epidemiological issues related to health delivery disparities in urban contexts.

Patient Reported Outcomes and QALYs/DALYs

  • QALY represents measuring quality of life, while DALY depicts the health loss measured in years due to disability or death.

Surveillance of Communicable Diseases

  • The assessment of the agent's infectivity ("the ability to reach the healthy person"), virulence ("the intensity/severity of the disease produced"), and pathogenicity ("the ratio of people exhibiting the disease among those exposed") are key elements in hazard estimation and the practice of epidemiology.
  • The mode of transmission encompasses various pathways, such as through the air, water/food, direct contact, and sexual contact.

Stages in the Progression of Communicable Diseases

  • This section presents stages of a communicable disease, from susceptibility through asymptomatic/incubation phases, symptomatic stages, recovery or death.
  • There are 3 types of protection to consider from primary to tertiary.

Factors affecting the health of the population

  • The factors related to health span various categories of risk factors including demographic groups, pregnancy and childbirth complications (neonatal and infant mortality), behaviors such as substance abuse and inadequate nutrition, and various infections.

Management of Difficult Patients

  • Characteristics of difficult patients involve controlling the interaction and management of difficult individuals.
  • Patient behaviors that make them difficult include being over-controlling, seeking excessive services, unyielding to suggestions, and being disruptive, etc.

Delivering Bad News

  • Delivering bad news is an important aspect of communicating with patients in difficult situations, and requires particular attention. Delivering bad news effectively considers factors such as patient expectations, prognosis, and time sensitivity.

Health Medicine and Music

  • The dangers impacting physicians today include mechanization and medicalization of human life.
  • Music involves elements like pitch, intensity, duration, and tone.
  • Music therapy is a clinical area of music for achieving patient goals.

Medical Humanities

  • Medical humanities is a branch of medicine that incorporates the arts and social sciences for investigating medical practices more fully.
  • The three branches of medical humanities include humanities, social sciences, and the arts/therapeutic aspects.
  • A nomothetic perspective involves considering truths and falsehoods that are applicable in any/every situation, and does not change over place or time.
  • An idiographic perspective is describing specific cases and their characteristics, which is relevant to particular circumstances in time and place.

Ethics in Medicine

  • Deontology is a concept in medicine that describes the rules and standards to be followed.
  • The important principles related to medical ethics are to do no harm, benefit, respect for autonomy, and justice.

Ancient Egypt - Islamic Medicine

  • Ancient Egyptians knew about medical conditions such as constipation, diarrhea, and migraine.
  • Hippocrates was important for the development of medicine.
  • Islamic medicine involved theories/practices of medicine.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of public health with this quiz. Explore the differences between public health and medicine, the importance of the 5 Ps, and the historical definitions of public health. Perfect for students and professionals interested in community health improvement.

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