Public Health and Epidemiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does test sensitivity measure?

  • The ability to correctly identify true negatives
  • The percentage of false positives
  • The overall accuracy of the test
  • The ability to correctly identify true positives (correct)

    • A test can have high sensitivity but low specificity and still be useful.

    True

    What are the two measures of validity for screening tests?

    Sensitivity and specificity

    A screening test with high _______ will identify those without the disease effectively.

    <p>specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Sensitivity = Ability to identify true positives Specificity = Ability to identify true negatives False Positive = Test result that incorrectly indicates disease presence False Negative = Test result that incorrectly indicates disease absence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the aims of public health?

    <p>To promote health and prevent disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Public health is solely concerned with the lack of disease in individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epidemiology act as the base of?

    <p>public health actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health includes physical, mental, and social ______.

    <p>states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health aspects with their corresponding focus:

    <p>Geriatric health = Health of elderly individuals Nutritional health = Diet and food intake Environmental health = Impact of environment on health Mental health = Psychological well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the course assessment is allocated to the final written exam?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of 2 September 2023, the case-fatality ratio of COVID-19 globally was below 1%.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reported cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases globally as of 2 September 2023?

    <p>770,090,297</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of prevention focuses on preventing the emergence of risk factors?

    <p>Primordial prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary prevention involves the early detection and prompt treatment of diseases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of preventive medicine?

    <p>Preventing physical, mental, and emotional disease and injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limitation of disability and the rehabilitation from disease is known as ________ prevention.

    <p>tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a primary prevention activity?

    <p>Vaccinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of preventive measure with its description:

    <p>Primordial prevention = Prevention of risk factor emergence Primary prevention = Prevention of disease occurrence Secondary prevention = Early detection of disease Tertiary prevention = Disability limitation and rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary focus of epidemiology?

    <p>Study of health-related states in human populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tertiary prevention involves health education and immunization efforts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one preventive service that community pharmacies typically provide.

    <p>Vaccinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemiologists are mainly concerned with individual patient care.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do epidemiologists aim to identify in their studies?

    <p>Factors that cause disease and risk factors affecting disease spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Theory suggests that diseases are caused by contact with particles created by decomposing organic matter.

    <p>Contagion or Germ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roles to their descriptions:

    <p>Clinician = Therapy and Cure Epidemiologist = Control and Prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an objective of epidemiology?

    <p>Predict individual patient outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Miasma Theory posits that diseases are caused by bad air.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one method used by epidemiologists to study disease.

    <p>Observation and analysis of health data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of pharmacoepidemiology?

    <p>Effects and use of drugs in human populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacoepidemiology only applies to adverse effects of drug use.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a beneficial effect of aspirin mentioned in the content?

    <p>Reduces the risk of recurrent cardiovascular conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FDA is responsible for ensuring the safety of all marketed __________ products.

    <p>medical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sources of pharmacoepidemiological data with their descriptions:

    <p>Spontaneous Reporting = FDA's regulatory responsibility for drugs Global Drug Surveillance = WHO Program for International Drug Monitoring Automated databases = Use of technology for drug data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pharmacists play in pharmacoepidemiology?

    <p>Monitor diseases and drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Epidemiologic Triangle consists of a host, an agent, and environmental factors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method of post-marketing surveillance mentioned in the content?

    <p>Detecting and measuring adverse drug reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Public Health & Epidemiology

    • Course title: Public Health (PM 906)
    • Department: Microbiology & Immunology
    • Semester: Fall 2024
    • Lecture: 1

    Overall Aim of the Course

    • Understand scientific disciplines for health education and promotion
    • Understand epidemiology as the basis of public health actions
    • Control communicable and non-communicable diseases
    • Improve mental, environmental, occupational, geriatric, and family health
    • Improve healthy food and nutrition, safe drinking water, and waste disposal

    Course Content

    • Introduction to disease epidemiology
    • Epidemiological studies
    • Communicable disease control and prevention
    • Non-communicable disease control and prevention
    • Waterborne diseases
    • Food and milk microbiology
    • Pollution, environmental health & sustainable development
    • Family health
    • Mental health
    • Occupational health
    • Nutrition

    Course Assessment

    • Class work (25%):
      • Quizzes (2 quizzes, 10%)
      • Assignments (10%)
      • Attendance (5%)
    • Final written exam (75%)

    What is Public Health?

    • The art and science of disease prevention, health promotion, and prolonging life through organized societal efforts
    • Concerned with promoting the health of the entire population and preventing diseases affecting it
    • According to the WHO, health encompasses physical, mental, and social states, not just the absence of disease
    • Pharmacists play a vital role in public health promotion.

    The Pandemic of COVID-19

    • COVID-19 continues to spread regionally and globally.
    • Global cumulative incidence of COVID-19 reached 770,090,297 reported cases as of September 2023
    • 6,972,616 associated deaths reported
    • Case-fatality ratio (CFR) of 0.91% globally
    • Eastern Mediterranean Region reported 23,389,586 cases (3.04% of the global count)
    • 351,405 associated deaths in EMR (CFR 1.5%)

    Epidemiology

    • A broader concept than just fighting epidemics, encompassing:
      • epi (upon), demos (people), logos (study)
    • The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states/events in human populations
    • Application of this study towards controlling health problems
    • Uses quantitative methods to study disease and risk factors in human populations
    • Focuses on observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.
    • Tool to improve public health, relying on a systematic and unbiased approach to data collection, analysis, and interpretation.

    Role of Epidemiologist vs. Clinician

    Clinician Epidemiologist
    Patient's diagnostician Community's diagnostician
    Investigations Investigations
    Diagnosis Predict trend
    Therapy Control
    Cure Prevention

    Objectives of Epidemiology

    • Identify factors causing disease (disease etiology)
    • Identify risk factors affecting disease spread
    • Explain disease and epidemic occurrence
    • Determine disease extent and health needs in a community
    • Establish a clinical disease diagnosis
    • Study disease prognosis and predict future health needs
    • Evaluate health program effectiveness
    • Evaluate preventive and therapeutic measures effectiveness
    • Provide foundation for public policy and regulatory decisions related to environmental and health problems

    Theories of Disease Causation

    • Miasma Theory: Diseases caused by malodorous/poisonous particles from decomposing organic matter.
    • Contagion/Germ Theory: Diseases spread by contact with an infected individual.

    Pharmacoepidemiology

    • The application of epidemiological knowledge, methods and reasoning to study effects (beneficial and adverse) of drugs in populations.
    • Used to describe, measure, explain, control, and predict the uses/effects of drugs in a defined time, place, and population.

    Role of Pharmacoepidemiology

    • Discover drug benefits and hazards (e.g., aspirin reducing cardiovascular risk)
    • Measure illegal drug use and misuse outbreaks
    • Inform drug development and approval processes
    • Detect and measure adverse drug reactions post-market release

    Sources of Pharmacoepidemiological data

    • Spontaneous Reporting (USA, FDA)
    • Global Drug Surveillance (WHO)
    • Automated databases

    Pharmacists' Role in Public Health

    • Responsible for monitoring diseases and drug use
    • Duties vary, some serving patients directly, others working for the FDA serving millions.
    • Roles include monitoring disease/drug utilization, guiding drug distribution, providing risk/benefit drug information.

    The Epidemiologic Triangle

    • Disease occurs when agent encounters a susceptible host, facilitated by environmental factors.
    • Host: Biological/social traits, e.g., genetic characteristics, race, sex, lifestyle, diet, residence
    • Agent: Biological, chemical, nutritional, physical forces, e.g., microorganisms, toxins, excess/lack of food, energy radiation
    • Environment: Physical and social, e.g., temperature, moisture, pollution, overcrowding, poverty, drug abuse

    Preventive Medicine

    • Primarily focuses on preventing physical, mental, and emotional diseases/injuries.
    • Levels of Prevention:
      • Primordial Prevention: Preventing risk factors (e.g., obesity)
      • Primary Prevention: Preventing emergence of disease if risk factors present (health ed., immunizations, environmental controls).
      • Secondary Prevention: Early detection and treatment of disease during preclinical stages (e.g., neonatal screenings).
      • Tertiary Prevention: Limiting disease disability and rehabilitating from disease.

    Screening Tests

    • Identify people at risk of a disease to justify further diagnostic tests/procedures and/or interventions.
    • Tests must be reliable (consistent upon repetition) and valid (actually measure what they claim to).
    • Validity measures:
      • Sensitivity: Ability to identify true positives (disease is present)
      • Specificity: Ability to identify true negatives (disease is absent)
    • Screening tests can have high sensitivity, low specificity, vice versa or both.

    Role of Pharmacist in Public Health

    • Question posed, role of pharmacists in public health.

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    Related Documents

    Introduction to Public Health & Epidemiology PDF Fall 2024 Lecture 1

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of public health and epidemiology. This quiz covers topics such as test sensitivity, screening validity, and the aims of public health. Ideal for students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding of these crucial health areas.

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