NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 3 - Hard
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NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 3 - Hard

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What is the recommended frequency for colon cancer screenings for individuals aged 45-75?

  • Every 2 years
  • Every 5 years
  • Yearly (correct)
  • Every 10 years

    • What is a valid colon cancer screening option that can be performed once every 10 years?

  • Fecal immunochemical testing
  • Self-examinations
  • Colonoscopy (correct)
  • Regular blood tests

    • Which statement best describes the USPSTF recommendation when there is moderate or high certainty that a service has no net benefit?

  • Support the service as a preventative measure
  • Advise on the potential benefits of the service
  • Recommend against the service (correct)
  • Encourage the use of the service

    • What factor should guide the continuation of screening after the age of 75?

    <p>Overall previous screenings and overall health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT mentioned as a teaching strategy for colorectal cancer screening?

    <p>Use of digital media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assessed in a screening tool to determine its reliability and validity?

    <p>Consistency and accuracy of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of lacking sufficient evidence regarding the balance of benefits and harms of a service?

    <p>Patients should understand the uncertainty of the balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in colorectal screening recommendations according to the age testing begins?

    <p>The frequency of diagnostic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals be informed about concerning colorectal cancer?

    <p>There is an increased risk of incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be a key consideration when setting up population screenings for colorectal cancer?

    <p>Quality of the screening tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is at the greatest risk of health issues associated with mercury exposure?

    <p>Pregnant women and infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major pathway through which individuals are commonly exposed to mercury?

    <p>Consumption of fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a major health risk associated with lead exposure?

    <p>Vision problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In toxicology, what does the phrase 'the poison is in the dose' imply?

    <p>Different doses can have varying effects on health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead exposure?

    <p>Children under the age of 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of cigarette smoking on cholesterol levels?

    <p>Increases low-density lipoprotein levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major objective related to environmental health according to Healthy People 2030?

    <p>Personal Income Management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of global deaths attributed to environmental factors?

    <p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a problem related to outdoor air quality?

    <p>Drunk driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about causality in diseases is accurate?

    <p>Diseases usually have multifactorial origins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nurses play in relation to epidemiology?

    <p>All nurses engage in some aspects of epidemiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental health problem is associated with water quality?

    <p>Aquifer contamination by industrial pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to a healthy home environment?

    <p>Presence of lead-based paint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the 'built environment' in the context of environmental health?

    <p>Buildings and spaces created or modified by people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which problem is an example of a waste management issue?

    <p>Illegal industrial dumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of cigarette smoking on vascular health?

    <p>Causes arterial vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is commonly associated with the relationship between smoking and heart disease?

    <p>Increased platelet thrombus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issue is primarily linked to agricultural practices?

    <p>Aerial spraying of herbicides and pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT fall under the category of work-related exposure?

    <p>Oil spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study design is implicit in establishing the relationship between smoking and heart disease?

    <p>Observational studies across different populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of environmental health, which area encompasses buildings and spaces created by people?

    <p>Built environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options pertains to food safety concerns?

    <p>Carcinogenic chemical food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the issue linked with poor urban planning?

    <p>Drunk driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example represents an environmental hazard directly related to outdoor air quality?

    <p>Nuclear facility emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of poor water quality?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the epidemiological triangle corresponds to 'Plasmodium parasite' in the case of malaria?

    <p>Agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental factor for malaria transmission?

    <p>Stagnant water bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is most effective during the pre-pathogenesis phase of a cold?

    <p>Implementing hand hygiene practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the natural life history of a disease does a patient show clinical symptoms?

    <p>Symptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of prevention is effective during the exposure stage of the common cold?

    <p>Social distancing from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'latent period' refer to in the context of disease progression?

    <p>The duration before the onset of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of a primary prevention strategy for influenza?

    <p>Encouraging vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'pathogenesis' refer to in disease progression?

    <p>The progression of cellular changes due to disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dormant and infective stage of Giardia called?

    <p>Cyst Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two illnesses are most commonly reported in the US related to waterborne diseases?

    <p>Acute otitis externa and norovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Legionnaires' disease primarily spread?

    <p>Water droplets in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of annual illnesses in the US associated with waterborne diseases?

    <p>7,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does public health play in relation to clean drinking water?

    <p>Monitoring environmental pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was primarily identified as being at risk during the early years of the AIDS epidemic?

    <p>Young gay men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first AIDS-defining illness identified?

    <p>Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of surveillance was utilized in the initial identification of AIDS cases?

    <p>Passive surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual, during the early AIDS epidemic, advocated for widespread public education on HIV and AIDS?

    <p>C. Everett Koop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the probable cause of AIDS identified as the HIV virus?

    <p>1984</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Ryan White contract his HIV infection?

    <p>Contaminated blood transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was the first drug approved for treating HIV?

    <p>AZT (Zidovudine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1990, how many people were reported to be infected with HIV in the US?

    <p>100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for blood donation restrictions for homosexuals?

    <p>High rates of reported infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the primary locations in the US where early cases of AIDS were documented?

    <p>Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of environmental health in relation to human health?

    <p>Assessing and controlling environmental factors that impact health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT directly related to environmental influences on health?

    <p>Genetic predisposition to diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential aspect of epidemiology is highlighted through the example of the Covid-19 pandemic?

    <p>The role of surveillance in tracking disease outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical figure emphasized the significance of improving environments for better health outcomes?

    <p>Nightingale and Wald</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common factor associated with foodborne illness outbreaks?

    <p>Mass production of food items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the reduction of waterborne illnesses been primarily achieved?

    <p>Implementing regular testing of municipal water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is closely linked with the transmission of vector-borne illnesses?

    <p>Crowded human and animal habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the American Nurses Association advocate for nurses in relation to environmental health?

    <p>Understanding vital environmental health concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a probable case of Chikungunya infection?

    <p>A case showing clinical manifestations without lab confirmation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the passive surveillance system?

    <p>Information gathered without seeking out cases directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a step in an outbreak investigation?

    <p>Developing a treatment plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signals the need to investigate a possible outbreak?

    <p>Sudden increase in cases of a specific disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The National Wastewater Surveillance System primarily monitors for what?

    <p>Uptick in cases of specific diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best matches the type of surveillance with its description? Sentinel surveillance.

    <p>Data collected from known outbreak sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically associated with Chikungunya infection?

    <p>Joint pain and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a confirmed case of Chikungunya defined?

    <p>A suspected case meeting clinical standards with lab confirmation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by syndromic surveillance?

    <p>Reporting of nonspecific symptoms such as fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a case definition important in managing an outbreak?

    <p>It helps to classify and standardize cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines the role of critical theory in health intervention design?

    <p>It emphasizes community involvement and addresses oppressive situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about indoor air quality?

    <p>Poor indoor air quality can lead to respiratory issues like asthma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term environmental justice primarily address?

    <p>The inequitable exposure of marginalized communities to environmental harms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is an example of the built environment's influence on health?

    <p>The accessibility of public transportation in a neighborhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant health risk associated with poor indoor air quality?

    <p>Lung cancer due to radon exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NIMBY stand for, and how does it relate to environmental issues?

    <p>Not in My Backyard, expressing opposition to local environmental projects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the community's role in critical theory?

    <p>Community members define the problems and solutions collaboratively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health issue is not typically associated with poor indoor air quality?

    <p>Nutritional deficiencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health problem can be caused by exposure to mold in indoor environments?

    <p>Respiratory distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disease Example: Malaria

    • Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, transmitted to humans via mosquito bites.
    • Key prevention strategies include controlling stagnant water where mosquitoes breed to reduce vectors.
    • Use of insect repellent and distribution of antimalarial medications among at-risk populations are effective measures.

    Natural Life History of Common Cold vs. Influenza

    • Common cold progresses through phases: exposure, incubation, symptomatic, recovery, or death; interventions vary at each stage.
    • Pre-pathogenesis focuses on strengthening immunity through hand hygiene, contact avoidance, and nutrition for better host health.
    • Pathogenesis involves hand hygiene and avoidance of face touching to limit virus transmission during the asymptomatic phase.

    Colon Cancer Screening Recommendations

    • Annual colorectal screening is advised starting at age 45, with methods including fecal immunochemical testing or colonoscopy once every 10 years.
    • Screening past age 75 relies on individual health and previous screening history; recommendations may vary.

    Public Education on Colorectal Cancer Screening

    • Initiate tests at age 45 and employ diverse teaching methods regarding risks and individualized screening.
    • Emphasize varieties of diagnostic techniques, including invasive and noninvasive options.

    Reliability and Validity in Screening Tools

    • Reliable tests yield consistent, repeatable results; valid tests accurately measure the outcomes with sufficient sensitivity and specificity.
    • Variability in studies across populations should show consistent associations between smoking and heart diseases.

    Environmental Health Overview

    • Major environmental health areas include air quality, toxins and waste management, climate effects, water quality, and community living conditions.
    • 16% of global deaths are attributed to environmental factors, highlighting the importance of environmental health initiatives.

    Areas Affected by Environmental Health Issues

    • Built Environment: Issues like secondhand smoke and urban crowding affect health.
    • Work-related Exposure: Hazards such as asbestos or X-ray exposure can cause significant illnesses.
    • Water Quality: Man-made pollution and contamination pose severe health risks.

    Biomonitoring

    • The CDC’s National Biomonitoring Program researches environmental chemicals to identify health impacts and inform policy.
    • An example is the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, guiding public health decisions.

    Toxic Substances and Health Risks

    • Lead exposure, particularly dangerous for children under six, often results from lead-based paint, leading to cognitive and behavioral issues.
    • Mercury exposure primarily affects pregnant women and young children, commonly through fish consumption, causing nervous system damage.

    Toxicology Insight

    • Toxicology studies how chemical exposures affect human, animal, and environmental health.
    • Key aspects include determining exposure levels, potential harm, and the dose-response relationship to identify thresholds for toxicity.

    Environmental Health and Nursing

    • Environmental health encompasses factors affecting human health, including physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychological aspects.
    • Crowded conditions increase the transmission of infectious diseases, while certain environments heighten the risk of vector-borne illnesses (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks).
    • Air pollution can exacerbate respiratory conditions such as asthma, and specific materials like asbestos are known human carcinogens.
    • Environmental tobacco smoke poses health risks even to non-smokers, highlighting the need for holistic nursing education in environmental health.

    Epidemiology in Nursing

    • Epidemiology plays a crucial role in determining population-based screenings and identifying public health issues, such as the link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
    • Surveillance is a key component of epidemiology, as demonstrated during the Covid-19 pandemic.
    • Nurses utilize epidemiological methods to investigate health trends and outbreaks, using a structured approach.

    Outbreak Investigation Steps

    • Outbreak investigations follow a sequence of steps:
      • Verify the outbreak exists.
      • Define cases and their criteria.
      • Collect and analyze data.
      • Formulate and test hypotheses.
      • Implement interventions based on findings.
      • Communicate results effectively.

    Environmental Justice

    • Environmental justice addresses the disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on marginalized communities, often referred to as NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) phenomena.
    • This social movement highlights inequities in exposure to environmental harm, necessitating community involvement in problem definition and solutions.

    Foodborne and Waterborne Illness

    • Foodborne illnesses continue to affect population health, with historic advancements in safety like pasteurization countered by issues from mass food production.
    • Clean municipal water systems have significantly reduced waterborne illnesses, yet millions in the US still fall ill annually, predominantly from acute otitis externa and norovirus.

    Indoor Air Quality

    • Poor indoor air quality can lead to significant health issues, including:
      • Radon exposure leading to lung cancer.
      • Mold and secondhand smoke causing respiratory distress and asthma.
    • Common indoor air pollutants include carbon monoxide, lead, asbestos, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

    Chikungunya Virus

    • Chikungunya is transmitted by mosquitoes; symptoms include fever and joint pain, typically appearing 2-12 days after exposure.

    AIDS Pandemic Overview

    • Initial AIDS-defining illnesses included Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) and Kaposi’s Sarcoma, first reported in 1981.
    • The disease primarily affected young gay men, with early cases clustered in Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco.
    • The AIDS epidemic began in Central Africa and spread to the US via Haiti; identifying groups at risk involved understanding behaviors and medical practices.

    HIV and AIDS Treatment Advances

    • HIV was identified as the virus causing AIDS in 1984, targeting CD4 cells of the immune system.
    • The first drug approved for HIV treatment, AZT (Zidovudine), emerged in 1987, which hindered viral replication but did not cure the virus.
    • Public health efforts included widespread education led by figures like Surgeon General C. Everett Koop.

    Epidemiological Responsibilities

    • Roles in epidemiology involve data gathering, environmental monitoring, laboratory diagnostics, and public health interventions to address diseases.
    • Engagement in local outbreaks, as exemplified by the CDC's investigative forms, is essential for practical application in nursing.

    Common Waterborne Illnesses

    • Waterborne diseases sicken approximately 7 million people in the US yearly, with about 6,600 deaths linked to these illnesses.
    • Giardia is a prevalent waterborne parasite with two life stages; the active trophozoite stage and the dormant cyst stage, which poses an infection risk.
    • Legionnaires’ disease is transmitted through droplets and primarily causes pneumonia, highlighting the importance of safe water supply management.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics in public health, focusing on disease prevention strategies for malaria, the common cold, and influenza. It also explores colon cancer screening recommendations to improve health outcomes. Test your understanding of these critical health issues and the measures that can be taken to reduce disease risk.

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