Public Health Achievements & Challenges
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of healthcare costs will the federal government cover for the delivery of care from 2014 to 2016?

  • 50%
  • 70%
  • 90%
  • 100% (correct)
  • Individuals with pre-existing health conditions can be refused health insurance by insurance companies.

    False (B)

    What was one of the main goals pursued between 1936 and 1954 in health care?

  • To limit vaccine development
  • To increase cigarette consumption
  • To reduce health care funding
  • To extend life expectancy (correct)
  • Diseases such as tuberculosis and measles have completely disappeared in the 20th century.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What program helps cover uninsured children under their parents' insurance until what age?

    <p>Age 26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contemporary health challenges are highlighted in the text?

    <p>HIV, AIDS, Ebola virus, and drug-resistant strains of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All companies with _____ or more employees must provide health insurance.

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 are to improve the quality of life and keep individuals free from ________ diseases.

    <p>preventable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Medicaid = Health coverage for low-income individuals CHIP = Health insurance for children in families with incomes too high to qualify for Medicaid Health promotion = Activities aimed at improving health and preventing disease Disease prevention = Measures to prevent the onset of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the responsibilities of state health care exchange programs?

    <p>Allow consumers to shop for health insurance coverage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the health improvements with their outcomes:

    <p>Improvements in maternal care = Decreased maternal and infant mortality rates Better nutrition = Reduced risks to mothers and infants in the first year of life Improved hygiene = Enhanced overall community health Advancements in technology = Greater health care access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern that remains despite health improvements?

    <p>Access to health care for all (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain preventive health services are offered to families at no cost.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health promotion, disease prevention, and education are key aspects of _____.

    <p>public health agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Healthy People 2020 promotes collaboration across communities to disseminate health information.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiative continues with a 10-year agenda for improving health in the United States?

    <p>Healthy People 2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of managed health care in the 1970s?

    <p>Reduce health care costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are responsible for managing health care service delivery without financial risks.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a primary care provider (PCP) in managed health care?

    <p>To provide basic health care services and manage referrals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the __________ and is concerned with worldwide health promotion.

    <p>United Nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preferred provider organizations (PPOs) primarily operate by:

    <p>Establishing a network of providers at discounted fees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The WHO tracks global health care issues, including infectious diseases like tuberculosis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issues do HMOs strive to address?

    <p>Disease prevention, early detection of disease, and treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each organization or term with its correct description:

    <p>HMO = Managed care structure that provides health finance and services PCP = Primary care provider responsible for patient direction WHO = International organization for global health promotion PPO = Network of providers offering discounted health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most significant public health achievement in the past century?

    <p>Reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunizations are a form of secondary prevention.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the factors that have contributed to the eradication of infectious diseases.

    <p>Improvements in hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are at increased risk for infectious diseases.

    <p>Health care workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is recommended to receive influenza vaccinations?

    <p>Children aged 6 months and up (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their vaccination recommendations:

    <p>Children aged 6 months and up = Influenza vaccination Adults up to 24 years of age = Measles vaccination People 50 years of age and older = Shingles vaccination Pregnant women = Tetanus vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics have limited effectiveness in treating infectious diseases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals are recommended vaccinations due to chronic medical conditions?

    <p>People of any age with certain chronic medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role involves educating clients, families, and communities?

    <p>Teacher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health promotion is directed towards increasing one's optimal level of wellness.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one responsibility of practical nurses regarding client advocacy?

    <p>Helping clients choose between available options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A change in lifestyle or personal habits is often necessary to promote ______ health.

    <p>maximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nursing roles with their descriptions:

    <p>Caregiver = Delivering health care services Advocate = Helping clients choose between options Collaborator = Working as a team member Role model = Practicing healthy lifestyle behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major goals of Healthy People 2020?

    <p>Improving the quality and years of a healthy life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Practical nurses only work in traditional hospital settings.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two healthy behaviors that a practical nurse should promote.

    <p>Regular exercise and balanced nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe anxiety on learning?

    <p>Learning cannot take place (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Separation anxiety in children can be observed only in the protest phase.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical symptoms are associated with high levels of anxiety?

    <p>Heart palpitations, increased pulse and respirations, and gastric discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ level of anxiety is where individuals may experience confusion and a sense of doom.

    <p>panic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could be a trigger for stress in childhood?

    <p>Birth of a sibling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of separation anxiety with their descriptions:

    <p>Protest = Loud crying and restlessness Despair = Sense of hopelessness and quietness Detachment = Dissatisfaction with substitute caregivers Acute Anxiety = Physical symptoms increasing in severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mild anxiety can facilitate learning.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some emotional responses of a young mother experiencing severe anxiety while driving?

    <p>Irritability and crying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Healthy People 2020

    A 10-year initiative to improve the health of all Americans via disease prevention and health promotion services.

    Infectious diseases

    Diseases caused by pathogens, like bacteria or viruses.

    Health disparities

    Unequal access to health care and health outcomes based on factors like gender, race, or income.

    Improved maternal care

    Better care for pregnant women, leading to lower rates of maternal and infant deaths.

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    Antibiotics

    Drugs that kill or slow the growth of bacteria.

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    Vaccines

    Substances that prevent infectious diseases by making the body immune to a pathogen.

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    Access to healthcare

    The availability and affordability of health services for all people.

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    Tuberculosis and Measles

    Infectious diseases that reappeared in the 20th century, despite prior declines.

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    Preventive health services

    Health services that aim to stop health problems before they start.

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    Medicaid/CHIP coverage

    Government programs that provide health insurance to certain groups, including children and the low-income.

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    Federal government cost share

    The percentage of healthcare costs covered by the federal government for certain services.

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    Pre-existing conditions

    Health conditions that existed before insurance coverage.

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    Health insurance for parents

    Children without insurance can be covered under parents' insurance until 26 years of age.

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    Employer-sponsored insurance

    Health insurance provided by employers for their employees.

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    Health Insurance Exchange

    Programs enabling people not covered through employers or entitlements to buy health insurance.

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    Public Health Agencies

    Organizations or branches which carry out health promotion, disease prevention, and education at the federal, state and local levels

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    Primary prevention

    Actions taken to prevent a disease before it starts, like immunizations or avoiding substance abuse.

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    Public health achievements

    Significant progress made in improving population health, like reducing infectious disease rates.

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    Factors contributing to disease control

    Elements that help reduce the spread of disease, including sanitation, food safety, and vaccines.

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    Groups at increased risk for infectious diseases

    People more vulnerable to infections, including infants, older adults, and healthcare workers.

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    Influenza vaccination recommendations

    Guidelines for who should get the flu shot, including infants, older adults, and high-risk individuals.

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    Chronic medical conditions

    Long-term health problems that increase the risk of flu complications.

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    High-risk individuals for flu complications

    People with conditions or lifestyles that make them more likely to experience severe flu symptoms.

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    Managed care

    A health care system that controls costs by managing service delivery, often using a primary care provider (PCP) as a gatekeeper.

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    Primary care provider (PCP)

    The first point of contact for health care services in a managed care system, often a doctor, nurse, or physician assistant.

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    Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)

    A type of managed care organization that provides comprehensive health care services to members for a fixed fee, often assuming financial risk.

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    Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)

    A network of providers that offer services to members at a discounted price, with patients rather than providers carrying the financial burden.

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    World Health Organization (WHO)

    A United Nations agency focused on promoting global health, preventing diseases, and improving access to healthcare.

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    Global health threats

    Diseases or events that have the potential to affect people worldwide, like pandemics or humanitarian crises.

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    Re-emerging infectious diseases

    Infectious diseases that were once declining but are now reappearing, like tuberculosis.

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    Lack of access to healthcare

    A situation where people are unable to obtain necessary healthcare services due to affordability, availability, or other barriers.

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    Mild anxiety

    A low level of anxiety that can be beneficial for learning. It motivates you to focus and perform better.

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    Moderate anxiety

    A higher level of anxiety that hinders learning. You may be able to learn, but not as effectively as with mild anxiety.

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    Severe anxiety

    The most extreme form of anxiety where learning is impossible. You can only focus on one small detail and feel overwhelmed.

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    What are the physical symptoms of mild anxiety?

    Mild anxiety can lead to physical symptoms like increased heart rate, faster breathing, and a slightly tense feeling in your stomach.

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    What are the physical symptoms of moderate anxiety?

    Moderate anxiety can lead to more intense physical symptoms such as palpitations, rapid pulse, faster breathing and mild stomach discomfort.

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    What are the physical symptoms of severe anxiety?

    Severe anxiety can lead to intense physical symptoms like a sense of doom, confusion, and physical discomfort.

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    What is Separation anxiety?

    A common childhood anxiety where children feel distressed when separated from their caregivers.

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    What are the phases of separation anxiety?

    Separation anxiety can involve three phases: Protest (crying, restlessness), Despair (hopelessness), and Detachment (emotional withdrawal).

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    Health Promotion

    Activities that encourage and support people to make healthy choices and improve their well-being.

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    Health Behavior Inventory

    A tool to assess your current health practices by listing both healthy and unhealthy behaviors.

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    What are the five roles of a practical nurse?

    Practical nurses are caregivers, teachers, advocates, collaborators, and role models for their clients.

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    Optimal Well-being

    The best possible state of health and well-being someone can achieve.

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    Lifestyle Change

    Altering personal habits and routines to improve health.

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    Early Civilization and Health

    Even in ancient times, people were concerned with health and diseases.

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    Internal and External Forces

    Factors inside your body (like genetics) and outside (like environment) influence your health.

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    Study Notes

    Health Care Coverage and Costs

    • The federal government will cover a significant portion of healthcare costs for the delivery of care from 2014 to 2016.
    • Insurance companies cannot refuse health insurance to individuals with pre-existing conditions.
    • One of the main goals pursued between 1936 and 1954 in healthcare was to ensure access to affordable health care for all Americans.
    • Diseases such as tuberculosis and measles have significantly decreased in the 20th century due to advancements in medicine and public health initiatives.
    • The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) helps cover uninsured children under their parents' insurance until the age of 19.

    Contemporary Health Challenges

    • The text highlights the growing issues of chronic diseases, rising healthcare costs, and disparities in access to care.
    • All companies with 50 or more employees are required to provide health insurance.
    • The overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 are to improve the quality of life and keep individuals free from preventable diseases.

    Health Improvement and Promotion

    • Term: Health promotion | Description: Focuses on increasing one's optimal level of wellness through healthy behaviors and preventative measures.
    • Term: Disease prevention | Description: Actions taken to prevent illness or injury.
    • Term: Health Education | Description: The process of providing information and skills to individuals to make informed choices about their health.
    • Term: Managed Care | Description: A system that coordinates healthcare services to control costs and improve quality.
    • Term: Primary Care Provider (PCP) | Description: The first point of contact for receiving healthcare services.
    • Term: Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) | Description: Manage health care service delivery by integrating financing and delivery of health services, taking on financial risk for the health of enrollees.
    • Term: Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) | Description: Operate by contracting with healthcare providers to offer services at a discounted rate to their members.
    • Term: World Health Organization (WHO) | Description: A specialized agency of the United Nations concerned with worldwide health promotion.
    • Term: Healthy People 2020 | Description: A national initiative with a 10-year agenda for improving health in the United States.
    • Term: State Health Care Exchange Programs | Description: Responsible for overseeing and facilitating access to health insurance plans within their respective states.
    • Term: Immunizations | Description: A form of secondary prevention, aiming to prevent or reduce the severity of diseases.

    Vaccination Recommendations

    • Certain preventive health services are offered to families at no cost, including immunizations.
    • The eradication of infectious diseases is due to factors such as improved sanitation, access to clean water, and widespread immunizations.
    • Individuals with chronic medical conditions are generally recommended to receive vaccinations due to increased vulnerability to infection.
    • Infants, children, and pregnant women are recommended to receive specific vaccines depending on age and health status.
    • Those who live in close quarters or are in close contact with vulnerable populations (like infants, and older adults), are often recommended to receive vaccinations.  

    Nursing Roles and Responsibilities

    • Practical nurses work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, and community health organizations.
    • Practical nurses should promote healthy behaviors such as physical activity and a balanced diet.
    • One of the major goals of Healthy People 2020 is to increase the number of individuals who have a regular source of healthcare.
    • Practical nurses have a responsibility to advocate for their clients, ensuring they receive the best possible care.
    • Practical nurses play a crucial role in educating clients, families, and communities about health promotion and disease prevention.
    • Promoting changes in lifestyle or personal habits is essential for achieving optimal health.

    Anxiety and Stress

    • Mild anxiety can actually facilitate learning by increasing alertness and motivation.
    • Severe anxiety can hinder learning by interfering with memory, focus, and problem-solving abilities.
    • High levels of anxiety can manifest physically through symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, muscle tension, and difficulty breathing.
    • The panic level of anxiety is characterized by confusion, a sense of doom, and disorganized thinking.
    • Stress in childhood can be triggered by various factors, including changes in family structure, bullying, and academic pressures.
    • The protest phase of separation anxiety is characterized by crying, clinging, and resisting separation from the caregiver. The other phases include despair and detachment.

    Maternal Anxiety

    • A young mother experiencing severe anxiety while driving might exhibit emotional responses like fear, trembling, or difficulty concentrating.

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    Description

    Explore the major milestones and ongoing challenges in public health, from the significant reductions in infectious disease deaths to the emergence of new diseases and drug-resistant organisms. Learn about initiatives like Healthy People 2020 that work towards improving health quality and access for all. Assess the impact of healthcare access and the importance of community collaboration.

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