Public Health Achievements & Challenges
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of healthcare costs will the federal government cover for the delivery of care from 2014 to 2016?

  • 50%
  • 70%
  • 90%
  • 100% (correct)

    • Individuals with pre-existing health conditions can be refused health insurance by insurance companies.

    False

    What was one of the main goals pursued between 1936 and 1954 in health care?

  • To limit vaccine development
  • To increase cigarette consumption
  • To reduce health care funding
  • To extend life expectancy (correct)

    • Diseases such as tuberculosis and measles have completely disappeared in the 20th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What program helps cover uninsured children under their parents' insurance until what age?

    <p>Age 26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contemporary health challenges are highlighted in the text?

    <p>HIV, AIDS, Ebola virus, and drug-resistant strains of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All companies with _____ or more employees must provide health insurance.

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 are to improve the quality of life and keep individuals free from ________ diseases.

    <p>preventable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Medicaid = Health coverage for low-income individuals CHIP = Health insurance for children in families with incomes too high to qualify for Medicaid Health promotion = Activities aimed at improving health and preventing disease Disease prevention = Measures to prevent the onset of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the responsibilities of state health care exchange programs?

    <p>Allow consumers to shop for health insurance coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the health improvements with their outcomes:

    <p>Improvements in maternal care = Decreased maternal and infant mortality rates Better nutrition = Reduced risks to mothers and infants in the first year of life Improved hygiene = Enhanced overall community health Advancements in technology = Greater health care access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern that remains despite health improvements?

    <p>Access to health care for all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain preventive health services are offered to families at no cost.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health promotion, disease prevention, and education are key aspects of _____.

    <p>public health agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Healthy People 2020 promotes collaboration across communities to disseminate health information.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiative continues with a 10-year agenda for improving health in the United States?

    <p>Healthy People 2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of managed health care in the 1970s?

    <p>Reduce health care costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are responsible for managing health care service delivery without financial risks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a primary care provider (PCP) in managed health care?

    <p>To provide basic health care services and manage referrals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the __________ and is concerned with worldwide health promotion.

    <p>United Nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preferred provider organizations (PPOs) primarily operate by:

    <p>Establishing a network of providers at discounted fees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The WHO tracks global health care issues, including infectious diseases like tuberculosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issues do HMOs strive to address?

    <p>Disease prevention, early detection of disease, and treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each organization or term with its correct description:

    <p>HMO = Managed care structure that provides health finance and services PCP = Primary care provider responsible for patient direction WHO = International organization for global health promotion PPO = Network of providers offering discounted health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most significant public health achievement in the past century?

    <p>Reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunizations are a form of secondary prevention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the factors that have contributed to the eradication of infectious diseases.

    <p>Improvements in hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are at increased risk for infectious diseases.

    <p>Health care workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is recommended to receive influenza vaccinations?

    <p>Children aged 6 months and up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their vaccination recommendations:

    <p>Children aged 6 months and up = Influenza vaccination Adults up to 24 years of age = Measles vaccination People 50 years of age and older = Shingles vaccination Pregnant women = Tetanus vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics have limited effectiveness in treating infectious diseases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals are recommended vaccinations due to chronic medical conditions?

    <p>People of any age with certain chronic medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role involves educating clients, families, and communities?

    <p>Teacher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health promotion is directed towards increasing one's optimal level of wellness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one responsibility of practical nurses regarding client advocacy?

    <p>Helping clients choose between available options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A change in lifestyle or personal habits is often necessary to promote ______ health.

    <p>maximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nursing roles with their descriptions:

    <p>Caregiver = Delivering health care services Advocate = Helping clients choose between options Collaborator = Working as a team member Role model = Practicing healthy lifestyle behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major goals of Healthy People 2020?

    <p>Improving the quality and years of a healthy life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Practical nurses only work in traditional hospital settings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two healthy behaviors that a practical nurse should promote.

    <p>Regular exercise and balanced nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe anxiety on learning?

    <p>Learning cannot take place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Separation anxiety in children can be observed only in the protest phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical symptoms are associated with high levels of anxiety?

    <p>Heart palpitations, increased pulse and respirations, and gastric discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ level of anxiety is where individuals may experience confusion and a sense of doom.

    <p>panic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could be a trigger for stress in childhood?

    <p>Birth of a sibling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of separation anxiety with their descriptions:

    <p>Protest = Loud crying and restlessness Despair = Sense of hopelessness and quietness Detachment = Dissatisfaction with substitute caregivers Acute Anxiety = Physical symptoms increasing in severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mild anxiety can facilitate learning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some emotional responses of a young mother experiencing severe anxiety while driving?

    <p>Irritability and crying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health Care Coverage and Costs

    • The federal government will cover a significant portion of healthcare costs for the delivery of care from 2014 to 2016.
    • Insurance companies cannot refuse health insurance to individuals with pre-existing conditions.
    • One of the main goals pursued between 1936 and 1954 in healthcare was to ensure access to affordable health care for all Americans.
    • Diseases such as tuberculosis and measles have significantly decreased in the 20th century due to advancements in medicine and public health initiatives.
    • The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) helps cover uninsured children under their parents' insurance until the age of 19.

    Contemporary Health Challenges

    • The text highlights the growing issues of chronic diseases, rising healthcare costs, and disparities in access to care.
    • All companies with 50 or more employees are required to provide health insurance.
    • The overarching goals of Healthy People 2020 are to improve the quality of life and keep individuals free from preventable diseases.

    Health Improvement and Promotion

    • Term: Health promotion | Description: Focuses on increasing one's optimal level of wellness through healthy behaviors and preventative measures.
    • Term: Disease prevention | Description: Actions taken to prevent illness or injury.
    • Term: Health Education | Description: The process of providing information and skills to individuals to make informed choices about their health.
    • Term: Managed Care | Description: A system that coordinates healthcare services to control costs and improve quality.
    • Term: Primary Care Provider (PCP) | Description: The first point of contact for receiving healthcare services.
    • Term: Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) | Description: Manage health care service delivery by integrating financing and delivery of health services, taking on financial risk for the health of enrollees.
    • Term: Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) | Description: Operate by contracting with healthcare providers to offer services at a discounted rate to their members.
    • Term: World Health Organization (WHO) | Description: A specialized agency of the United Nations concerned with worldwide health promotion.
    • Term: Healthy People 2020 | Description: A national initiative with a 10-year agenda for improving health in the United States.
    • Term: State Health Care Exchange Programs | Description: Responsible for overseeing and facilitating access to health insurance plans within their respective states.
    • Term: Immunizations | Description: A form of secondary prevention, aiming to prevent or reduce the severity of diseases.

    Vaccination Recommendations

    • Certain preventive health services are offered to families at no cost, including immunizations.
    • The eradication of infectious diseases is due to factors such as improved sanitation, access to clean water, and widespread immunizations.
    • Individuals with chronic medical conditions are generally recommended to receive vaccinations due to increased vulnerability to infection.
    • Infants, children, and pregnant women are recommended to receive specific vaccines depending on age and health status.
    • Those who live in close quarters or are in close contact with vulnerable populations (like infants, and older adults), are often recommended to receive vaccinations.  

    Nursing Roles and Responsibilities

    • Practical nurses work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, and community health organizations.
    • Practical nurses should promote healthy behaviors such as physical activity and a balanced diet.
    • One of the major goals of Healthy People 2020 is to increase the number of individuals who have a regular source of healthcare.
    • Practical nurses have a responsibility to advocate for their clients, ensuring they receive the best possible care.
    • Practical nurses play a crucial role in educating clients, families, and communities about health promotion and disease prevention.
    • Promoting changes in lifestyle or personal habits is essential for achieving optimal health.

    Anxiety and Stress

    • Mild anxiety can actually facilitate learning by increasing alertness and motivation.
    • Severe anxiety can hinder learning by interfering with memory, focus, and problem-solving abilities.
    • High levels of anxiety can manifest physically through symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, muscle tension, and difficulty breathing.
    • The panic level of anxiety is characterized by confusion, a sense of doom, and disorganized thinking.
    • Stress in childhood can be triggered by various factors, including changes in family structure, bullying, and academic pressures.
    • The protest phase of separation anxiety is characterized by crying, clinging, and resisting separation from the caregiver. The other phases include despair and detachment.

    Maternal Anxiety

    • A young mother experiencing severe anxiety while driving might exhibit emotional responses like fear, trembling, or difficulty concentrating.

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