Public Goods Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of public goods regarding jointness of supply?

Individuals can be excluded from using the good.

One person's enjoyment does not undermine another's enjoyment at the same time. (correct)

Everyone's enjoyment decreases as more people use the good.

The good is available only to those who pay for it.

Which situation illustrates the tragedy of the commons?

Participation in a charity event.

Limited access to a community garden.

Public broadcasting services provided to all citizens.

Overfishing in a commonly used lake. (correct)

What issue is primarily associated with the free-rider problem?

People contributing more than they can afford.

Encouraging competition among users of public goods.

Restricting access to public goods based on ability to pay.

Enjoying public goods without any form of contribution. (correct)

Which example best represents a public good?

A public park available to all. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of public goods makes it impossible to exclude individuals from enjoying them?

Once provided, everyone can use them regardless of payment. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the opponent defects once when using the FRIEDMAN strategy?

FRIEDMAN defects on the next turn Signup and view all the answers

How often does the Generous TFT (GTFT) strategy choose to defect in response to a defection?

Defects one third of the time Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the TFT strategy?

It never scores better than its opponent Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the HARRINGTON strategy over time?

It preys on weak strategies which become extinct Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is characterized by defecting only after the opponent has defected twice in a row?

TIT-FOR-TWO-TATS Signup and view all the answers

What was the highest cooperative rate observed in the experimental conditions?

72% Signup and view all the answers

What effect does discussion have on cooperation in social dilemmas?

It enhances cooperation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as an explanation of the discussion effect?

Induced commitments to compete Signup and view all the answers

What implication arises from mistakenly viewing others as competitive?

It may result in a lack of cooperation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models is NOT categorized under mixed-motive interactions?

Collective bargaining Signup and view all the answers

How does creating local norms impact cooperation?

It promotes cooperation within the group. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a key factor in solving social dilemmas?

Effective communication Signup and view all the answers

Which cooperative condition had the least cooperation rate in the study?

No communication Signup and view all the answers

What happens when more than 10% of the class selects 6 points?

No one gets any points. Signup and view all the answers

Which game is classified under the mixed-motive interactions?

Prisoner’s Dilemma Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of communication in social dilemmas?

It improves coordination and cooperation. Signup and view all the answers

In the public goods dilemma, what is the minimum number of contributors needed to achieve a bonus?

9 contributors Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the type of communication effect sizes?

Face-to-face communication has the largest effect size. Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect size reported for communication and cooperation in social dilemmas?

d = 1.01 Signup and view all the answers

What principle relates to people's expectations inadvertently hindering cooperation?

Kelly and Stahelski's triangular hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a social dilemma mentioned?

Coordination game Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'real-time protocol' refer to in the context of common pool resource decision-making?

Players receive immediate updates on others' decisions. Signup and view all the answers

In the procedure described, how many participants were involved in each session?

10 participants per session Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol was found to have a superior effect on decision-making regarding common pool resources?

Sequential protocol Signup and view all the answers

What incentive was used for participants in the fishing game?

$1 per fish caught Signup and view all the answers

What was the maximum total value of requests in example 2 that exceeded the available resources?

$1150 Signup and view all the answers

How were the games designed in terms of group size variation?

There were both fixed and variable group sizes. Signup and view all the answers

According to the summary of findings, what was concluded about the individual requests made during the games?

Real-time requests were higher than an equal share. Signup and view all the answers

What was the median bonus received by participants, according to the incentive structure?

$200 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the interview with Subject 042?

Reactions to advice and its impact Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the delay until the second appointment in the study?

To support the claim of partner engagement in the study Signup and view all the answers

In the Ultimatum Game, what happens if Person B rejects the proposed allocation?

Both A and B receive nothing Signup and view all the answers

According to the Social Exchange Theory, what do individuals primarily want in their interactions?

To maximize their own gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the desired outcome in the game known as 'Chicken'?

For one driver to show bravery Signup and view all the answers

Which norm states that those in greater need should receive more resources?

Needs Norm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main tenet of the Prisoner's Dilemma?

Cooperation leads to the best outcome for both Signup and view all the answers

What type of dilemma does the Public Goods Dilemma represent?

A situation involving costly cooperation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social dilemmas, what does the 'Criticality' refer to?

The importance of immediate cooperation Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is linked to the hedonistic principle in interactions?

Maximizing pleasure while minimizing pain Signup and view all the answers

What impact does feedback have on participant behavior in the study?

Encourages cooperative responses Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the theory that involves quantifying gains and losses in social interactions?

Social Exchange Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of game structures like the 'Battle of the Sexes' in social dynamics?

To create scenarios with divergent interests Signup and view all the answers

What drives a person's choice when considering opportunity cost?

Future potential gains from alternate options Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Situational Determinants of Altruism

Diffusion of Responsibility: The feeling of responsibility diminishes as the number of bystanders increases. The presence of others may lead people to assume someone else will take action. An experiment studied epileptic seizure reactions. The proportion of help declined, and the time it took to get help increased, with more bystanders.
Pluralistic Ignorance: People unsure how to act in a situation will use other's behavior to guide their actions. Based on social comparison theory, we use others as a guide when unsure of the appropriate behavior. An example of this is the "smoke-filled room" experiment by Darley and Latane' (1968). In this experiment, only 10% of participants intervened in a smoke-filled room, even thought it was a clear emergency.
Cost of Helping/Not Helping: There are personal costs to not helping, including empathy costs of not helping (the cost of not helping when feeling empathic concern of the victim) and personal costs, such as the norm of reciprocity (expectation for helping those who helped you), social responsibility (helping those dependent on you) or the cost of potential risk or danger associated with helping.
Altruistic Views: Empathy is a view that motivates helping behavior. When we empathize with someone in distress, our goal is to reduce their distress.

Bystander-Calculus Model

Physiological Arousal: Arousal is triggered by witnessing others' suffering and distress; the clarity and interpretation of the situation influence arousal.
Intensity: Individuals with higher arousal (e.g., faster heart rate) are more likely to help than those with lower arousal (e.g., slower heart rate). This is a factor in how people respond to emergencies.

Stupid Ladder Experiment

Participants interact via intercom with each other to develop a bond
Different levels of push-ups create varying levels of physiological arousal. The levels of arousal are triggered by situational information heard by the subject, for example a verbal statement or startling sound.

Costs of Helping & Not Helping

Empathy costs of not helping: The cost of not helping when feeling empathic concern of the victim.
Personal costs of not helping: Norms influence our decision to help. Norms include reciprocity (helping those who have helped you, or expectation that helping others will get returned) and social responsibility (expectation of helping those dependent upon you).

Empathy-Altruism Model

Witnessing others in distress: Creates two reactions:
- Distress: Unpleasant; motivation is to reduce our own distress (egoistic).
- Empathy: Directs attention to others' distress; motivation to reduce others' distress (altruistic).

Empathic Joy (EJ) Hypothesis

We enjoy others' relief at being helped.
Empathy leads us to help others because we want to feel that others are happy, not just to improve our own mood.
If we cannot witness the "happy ending," we may not help.

Cover Story

Students perceive coping methods in university environments.
Some tasks include watching interviews of freshmen and evaluate methods to cope with adjustment problems.
The subject is the only one who can respond to the interview.

Empathy Manipulation

Increase empathic emotion in subjects watching videos by focusing on the body-language and expressions of those involved in the video.
The subject is to watch what the person does in the video and imagine how they feel.

The Ultimatum Game

Two people share a resource (e.g., $26).
Player A makes an allocation.
Player B either accepts or vetoes the allocation
If B accepts, A and B get what A proposed. If B vetoes - A and B get nothing

Equality Norm: Everyone should get the same.
Equity Norm: One person's input to output ratio should be equal to the other.
Needs Norm: Those who need more receive more.

Mixed-Motive Interactions

Management-labor relations.
Social Dilemmas (public/common, reciprocity)
Social Exchange Theory.
Solving social dilemmas (communication/coordination)

The Game of Chicken

Two cars approach each other
Each driver either jumps (swerves) or does not jump.
Both players cooperating on not swerving leads to a peaceful outcome, but if both decide to not swerve a collision occurs.

The premise is quantifying gains/losses in interactions to predict/explain behaviors.
Modeling relationships (acquaintances/business partners); wanting to maximize gain.

The Game of Chicken (Golden Ball Example)

Two drivers approach each other.
Outcome matrix
Depending on whether they jump, outcome = peace , hero, chicken or dead.

The Game of Nuclear Chicken

Two countries (e.g. the U.S. and the Soviet Union)
Outcomes = Withdrawal or maintenance (M) of their missiles.
Blockade (B) or Air strike (A)
Outcomes include negotiation, compromise, or Nuclear War

Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG)

Two individuals arrested for a crime.
They can cooperate or defect.
Matrix shows payoffs
Defect always better individually but mutual defection leads to a worse collective outcome than mutual cooperation, which is better than mutual defection.

The Tit-For-Tat Strategy

A cooperative strategy (PDG).
Cooperation on the first turn.
On subsequent turns, imitate opponent's previous response.
TFT is a reciprocal strategy.

The Evolution of Cooperation

Computer simulations demonstrating the cooperation of several approaches.
Initial rounds demonstrate the dominance of defection
Over time, approaches/strategies that demonstrated cooperation are more populated.
Nice strategies, forgiving strategies were more successful.

How to Do Well in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG)

Don’t be envious.
Don’t be the first to defect.
Reciprocate both cooperation and defection.
Don’t be too clever; rule sets should be clear and easily understood.

Other Concepts

Behavior matrices
Interdependence
Hedonistic principle.

Common Resource Pool Dilemma

A fixed resource pool shared by multiple individuals.
Each person makes a simultaneous request.
If the total request is less than or equal to the resource pool size, each person gets their requested amount.
If the total request is greater than the resource pool size, no one gets any of the resource.

Simultaneous Protocol

All players make decisions at the same time.
No information about other players' decisions.
All players have the same information.

Sequential Protocol

Players take turns making decisions following a pre-determined sequence.
Common knowledge of previous decisions.
Knowledge of own position and remaining resources

Real-Time Protocol

Order of play and timing of decisions are predetermined by players.
Makes a decision within a fixed/irrevocable time interval.
Instantaneous updates of other players' decisions are available.

Choose Number Game

Participants have to choose between 1 and 7.
The minimum of all choices is the outcome relevant for all involved.

Coordination Game

Participants choose between 1 to 7.
The result is based on the minimum number selected between each participant.

Volunteer's Dilemma (M=1)

Individuals must decide whether to contribute to a shared good or not.
Contribute can lead to a positive or negative reward or penalty based on others' contributions or non-contributions.

Criticality

A person is in a critical situation if and only if his or her contribution is required to provide the PG.

Percieved Self-Efficacy

The belief that you have about the effect of your actions.
Group Success depend on best versus worst performing member.

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Description

Test your understanding of public goods and their characteristics in this quiz. Explore key concepts like jointness of supply, the tragedy of the commons, and the free-rider problem. Ideal for students and anyone interested in economics.