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Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?
Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?
What are neurotransmitters?
What are neurotransmitters?
What are drugs?
What are drugs?
What is pharmacokinetics?
What is pharmacokinetics?
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What is pharmacodynamics?
What is pharmacodynamics?
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What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?
What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?
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What must the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug exceed to prevent overdose or death?
What must the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug exceed to prevent overdose or death?
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Which of the following factors does the therapeutic index of a drug depend upon?
Which of the following factors does the therapeutic index of a drug depend upon?
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Which of the following is a class of drugs based on the route of administration?
Which of the following is a class of drugs based on the route of administration?
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The rate of administration of a drug depends on which factor?
The rate of administration of a drug depends on which factor?
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Which physical state of a drug has the fastest rate of absorption?
Which physical state of a drug has the fastest rate of absorption?
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How is a drug eliminated from the body once absorption is complete?
How is a drug eliminated from the body once absorption is complete?
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What factors can influence a drug's response?
What factors can influence a drug's response?
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Which of the following is a general subclass of drugs?
Which of the following is a general subclass of drugs?
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Which class of drugs includes xanthines and amphetamines?
Which class of drugs includes xanthines and amphetamines?
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Which of the following factors can influence a drug's response?
Which of the following factors can influence a drug's response?
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What is the physical state of a drug with the slowest rate of absorption?
What is the physical state of a drug with the slowest rate of absorption?
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How is a drug eliminated from the body once absorption is complete?
How is a drug eliminated from the body once absorption is complete?
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What is the dosing schedule determined by?
What is the dosing schedule determined by?
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Which route of administration has two classes?
Which route of administration has two classes?
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What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?
What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?
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What is the physical state of a drug with the fastest rate of absorption?
What is the physical state of a drug with the fastest rate of absorption?
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What does the rate of absorption of a drug depend on?
What does the rate of absorption of a drug depend on?
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What is the biological half-life of a drug?
What is the biological half-life of a drug?
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What is the drug response specificity based on?
What is the drug response specificity based on?
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Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?
Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?
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What is the basis for the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
What is the basis for the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
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What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
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What is the purpose of pharmacokinetics?
What is the purpose of pharmacokinetics?
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What is the purpose of pharmacodynamics?
What is the purpose of pharmacodynamics?
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What is the relationship between a drug's biological activity and its dose?
What is the relationship between a drug's biological activity and its dose?
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What is the role of neurotranmitters in the body?
What is the role of neurotranmitters in the body?
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What is the role of drugs in the body?
What is the role of drugs in the body?
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What must the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug exceed to prevent overdose or death?
What must the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug exceed to prevent overdose or death?
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What is the interval used to calculate the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
What is the interval used to calculate the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
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Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?
Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?
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Which of the following is a general subclass of drugs?
Which of the following is a general subclass of drugs?
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What is the basis for the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
What is the basis for the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
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What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
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What is pharmacodynamics?
What is pharmacodynamics?
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What is pharmacokinetics?
What is pharmacokinetics?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in the body?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the body?
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Which of the following factors does the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug depend upon?
Which of the following factors does the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug depend upon?
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Which physical state of a drug has the slowest rate of absorption?
Which physical state of a drug has the slowest rate of absorption?
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What is the dosing schedule determined by?
What is the dosing schedule determined by?
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What is the purpose of pharmacodynamics?
What is the purpose of pharmacodynamics?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in the body?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the body?
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What is the relationship between a drug's biological activity and its dose?
What is the relationship between a drug's biological activity and its dose?
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What is the purpose of pharmacokinetics?
What is the purpose of pharmacokinetics?
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What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?
What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?
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Study Notes
Agents
- Agents can be categorized as endogenous or exogenous, influencing various physiological processes.
Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons, playing a crucial role in communication within the nervous system.
Drugs
- Drugs are substances that alter physiological functions when ingested, providing therapeutic effects or producing changes in mood, perception, or consciousness.
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics studies how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body, underpinning dosing and timing for effective treatment.
Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacodynamics examines the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action, highlighting the relationship between drug concentration and effect.
Therapeutic Index (TI)
- The therapeutic index (TI) is calculated based on the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug, providing a measure of its safety.
Safety Thresholds
- To avoid overdose or death, the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug must exceed a specific threshold that ensures the effective dose remains below the toxic dose.
Factors Affecting TI
- The therapeutic index depends on various factors, including the drug's pharmacological properties, individual patient variables, and route of administration.
Drug Classes by Route
- Drugs can be categorized into classes based on the route of administration, including oral, intravenous, inhalational, and topical.
Rate of Administration
- The rate of drug administration is influenced by factors such as the route of delivery, drug formulation, and patient-specific characteristics.
Absorption Rates
- Drugs in a liquid physical state generally exhibit the fastest rate of absorption compared to solid forms like tablets or capsules.
Drug Elimination
- Once absorbed, drugs are eliminated from the body primarily through metabolic processes in the liver and excretion via the kidneys or bile.
Factors Influencing Drug Response
- A drug's response can be influenced by multiple factors, including genetic variations, age, sex, health status, and concurrent medications.
General Subclasses of Drugs
- General subclasses of drugs include categories like stimulants, depressants, analgesics, and anesthetics, each serving distinct therapeutic purposes.
Xanthines and Amphetamines
- The class of drugs that includes xanthines and amphetamines acts as stimulants, enhancing alertness and reducing fatigue.
Slowest Absorption Rate
- Drugs in solid form typically exhibit the slowest rate of absorption compared to liquids or other forms.
Dosing Schedule Determinants
- The dosing schedule of a drug is determined by its pharmacokinetics, desired therapeutic effect, and specific patient needs.
Routes of Administration
- Certain routes of administration can be categorized into two classes, impacting how the drug is absorbed and its overall efficacy.
Biological Half-Life
- The biological half-life of a drug is the time required for the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half, influencing dosing frequency and duration of effect.
Drug Response Specificity
- Drug response specificity relates to the unique interaction between a drug and its target receptors, affecting therapeutic and side effects.
Calculation of TI
- The therapeutic index (TI) formula is represented as TI = TD50 / ED50, where TD50 is the dose that causes toxicity in 50% of the population and ED50 is the effective dose for 50%.
Neurotransmitters' Role
- Neurotransmitters play an essential role in regulating mood, cognition, and bodily functions, establishing a link between neuronal activity and behavior.
Purpose of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
- The purpose of pharmacodynamics is to define the action of drugs at the target sites, while pharmacokinetics focuses on the journey of a drug through the body, ensuring effective therapeutic use.
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Description
Test your knowledge of psychopharmacology and learn about the different types of psychoactive agents. Explore the distinctions between endogenous (neurotransmitters) and exogenous (drugs) compounds and their effects on the body.
