Psychopharmacology
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Questions and Answers

Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?

  • Chemical compounds
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Drugs (correct)
  • Biological activities

What are neurotransmitters?

  • Chemical compounds produced outside the body
  • Selective biological activity within the body
  • Chemical compounds produced within the body (correct)
  • Biological activities within the body

What are drugs?

  • Selective biological activity within the body
  • Chemical compounds produced outside the body (correct)
  • Biological activities within the body
  • Chemical compounds produced within the body

What is pharmacokinetics?

<p>What the body does to the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacodynamics?

<p>What the drug does to the body at the cellular level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?

<p>The interval between the drug's 50% effective dose and its 50% toxic dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug exceed to prevent overdose or death?

<p>7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does the therapeutic index of a drug depend upon?

<p>Psychopharmacology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a class of drugs based on the route of administration?

<p>Parenteral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of administration of a drug depends on which factor?

<p>Biological half-life of the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical state of a drug has the fastest rate of absorption?

<p>Gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a drug eliminated from the body once absorption is complete?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence a drug's response?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a general subclass of drugs?

<p>Stimulants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs includes xanthines and amphetamines?

<p>Amphetamines/antiobesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence a drug's response?

<p>Age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical state of a drug with the slowest rate of absorption?

<p>Solid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a drug eliminated from the body once absorption is complete?

<p>Gases are eliminated via exhalation, liquids and solids are eliminated via enzymatic degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing schedule determined by?

<p>Biological half-life of the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration has two classes?

<p>Oral and parenteral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?

<p>Ratio of the drug's lethal dose to its effective dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical state of a drug with the fastest rate of absorption?

<p>Gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rate of absorption of a drug depend on?

<p>Physical state of the drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological half-life of a drug?

<p>The time it takes for half of the drug's compound to be eliminated from the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the drug response specificity based on?

<p>Drug-receptor affinity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?

<p>Psychotropics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?

<p>The ratio of the drug's lethal dose (LD) to its effective dose (ED) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?

<p>TI = LD50 / ED50 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pharmacokinetics?

<p>To study the body's actions on drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pharmacodynamics?

<p>To study the effects of drugs on the body at the cellular level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a drug's biological activity and its dose?

<p>The lower the dose, the higher the biological activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotranmitters in the body?

<p>To produce chemical compounds within the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of drugs in the body?

<p>To produce chemical compounds from outside the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug exceed to prevent overdose or death?

<p>7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the interval used to calculate the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?

<p>The interval between the drug's 50% effective dose (ED) and its 50% toxic dose (TD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agents can be endogenous or exogenous?

<p>Both neurotransmitters and drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a general subclass of drugs?

<p>Psychotropic agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?

<p>The drug's dose-response relationship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?

<p>TI = (LD50/ED50) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacodynamics?

<p>What the drug does to the body at the cellular level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacokinetics?

<p>What the body does to the drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the body?

<p>To regulate the body's biological activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug depend upon?

<p>Biological half-life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical state of a drug has the slowest rate of absorption?

<p>Solid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dosing schedule determined by?

<p>Biological half-life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pharmacodynamics?

<p>To understand drug-receptor affinity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the body?

<p>To regulate communication between nerve cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a drug's biological activity and its dose?

<p>Higher dose leads to higher biological activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pharmacokinetics?

<p>To understand drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug based on?

<p>Dose-response relationship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endogenous Agents

Agents that originate from within the body and influence physiological processes.

Exogenous Agents

Agents that come from outside the body and affect physiological processes.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons across synapses.

Drugs

Substances that alter physiological functions when taken into the body.

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Pharmacokinetics

The study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body.

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Pharmacodynamics

The study of how drugs interact with the body to produce their effects.

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Therapeutic Index (TI)

The ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug.

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Safety Thresholds

The minimum TI required for a drug to be safe and effective.

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Factors Affecting TI

Factors that influence the TI, including drug properties, individual patient characteristics, etc.

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Drug Classes by Route

Drug classification based on how they are taken into the body.

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Rate of Administration

The speed at which a drug enters the bloodstream.

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Absorption Rates

Liquids tend to be absorbed faster than solids like tablets or capsules.

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Drug Elimination

The removal of drugs from the body through metabolic processes in the liver and excretion.

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Factors Influencing Drug Response

Genetic differences, age, gender, health, and other medications can all affect how a drug works.

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General Subclasses of Drugs

Broad categories of drugs with distinct therapeutic purposes.

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Xanthines and Amphetamines

Drugs like xanthines and amphetamines that increase alertness and reduce fatigue.

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Slowest Absorption Rate

Solid drugs generally have the slowest absorption rate compared to liquids or other forms.

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Dosing Schedule Determinants

The schedule for taking a drug, considering its pharmacokinetics, desired effect, and patient needs.

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Routes of Administration

Routes like oral and intravenous administration.

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Biological Half-Life

The time it takes for a drug's concentration in the bloodstream to reduce by half.

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Drug Response Specificity

The specific interaction between a drug and its target receptors.

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Calculation of TI

Formula for calculating the therapeutic index: TI = TD50 / ED50

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Neurotransmitters' Role

Neurotransmitters regulate mood, cognition, and bodily functions, linking brain activity to behavior.

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Purpose of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics defines drug actions at target sites, while pharmacokinetics focuses on drug movement through the body.

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Study Notes

Agents

  • Agents can be categorized as endogenous or exogenous, influencing various physiological processes.

Neurotransmitters

  • Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons, playing a crucial role in communication within the nervous system.

Drugs

  • Drugs are substances that alter physiological functions when ingested, providing therapeutic effects or producing changes in mood, perception, or consciousness.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Pharmacokinetics studies how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body, underpinning dosing and timing for effective treatment.

Pharmacodynamics

  • Pharmacodynamics examines the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action, highlighting the relationship between drug concentration and effect.

Therapeutic Index (TI)

  • The therapeutic index (TI) is calculated based on the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug, providing a measure of its safety.

Safety Thresholds

  • To avoid overdose or death, the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug must exceed a specific threshold that ensures the effective dose remains below the toxic dose.

Factors Affecting TI

  • The therapeutic index depends on various factors, including the drug's pharmacological properties, individual patient variables, and route of administration.

Drug Classes by Route

  • Drugs can be categorized into classes based on the route of administration, including oral, intravenous, inhalational, and topical.

Rate of Administration

  • The rate of drug administration is influenced by factors such as the route of delivery, drug formulation, and patient-specific characteristics.

Absorption Rates

  • Drugs in a liquid physical state generally exhibit the fastest rate of absorption compared to solid forms like tablets or capsules.

Drug Elimination

  • Once absorbed, drugs are eliminated from the body primarily through metabolic processes in the liver and excretion via the kidneys or bile.

Factors Influencing Drug Response

  • A drug's response can be influenced by multiple factors, including genetic variations, age, sex, health status, and concurrent medications.

General Subclasses of Drugs

  • General subclasses of drugs include categories like stimulants, depressants, analgesics, and anesthetics, each serving distinct therapeutic purposes.

Xanthines and Amphetamines

  • The class of drugs that includes xanthines and amphetamines acts as stimulants, enhancing alertness and reducing fatigue.

Slowest Absorption Rate

  • Drugs in solid form typically exhibit the slowest rate of absorption compared to liquids or other forms.

Dosing Schedule Determinants

  • The dosing schedule of a drug is determined by its pharmacokinetics, desired therapeutic effect, and specific patient needs.

Routes of Administration

  • Certain routes of administration can be categorized into two classes, impacting how the drug is absorbed and its overall efficacy.

Biological Half-Life

  • The biological half-life of a drug is the time required for the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half, influencing dosing frequency and duration of effect.

Drug Response Specificity

  • Drug response specificity relates to the unique interaction between a drug and its target receptors, affecting therapeutic and side effects.

Calculation of TI

  • The therapeutic index (TI) formula is represented as TI = TD50 / ED50, where TD50 is the dose that causes toxicity in 50% of the population and ED50 is the effective dose for 50%.

Neurotransmitters' Role

  • Neurotransmitters play an essential role in regulating mood, cognition, and bodily functions, establishing a link between neuronal activity and behavior.

Purpose of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics

  • The purpose of pharmacodynamics is to define the action of drugs at the target sites, while pharmacokinetics focuses on the journey of a drug through the body, ensuring effective therapeutic use.

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Description

Test your knowledge of psychopharmacology and learn about the different types of psychoactive agents. Explore the distinctions between endogenous (neurotransmitters) and exogenous (drugs) compounds and their effects on the body.

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