Statistics (Normality & Test of Difference)
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Questions and Answers

What is the concept of 'psychological traits of states can be quantified and measured' referring to?

  • The technical quality of measurements
  • The existence of psychological traits
  • The assumption that psychological traits can be numerically evaluated (correct)
  • The ability to predict non-test related behavior

    • What does the term 'cut score' refer to in test scoring?

  • The technical quality of the assessment
  • A reference point for classification (correct)
  • A process of assigning evaluative codes
  • A detailed summary statement

    • What is meant by psychometric soundness?

  • Existence of psychological traits
  • Technical quality of measurement techniques (correct)
  • Predicting future behavior
  • Bias in test items

    • Which assumption involves no theory and testing only based on observable data?

    <p>A posteriori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the assumption related to error sources imply about the assessment process?

    <p>Multiple sources of error are present in the assessment process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the discrimination index measure?

    <p>The item differentiates between different levels of performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which post hoc test should be used if ANOVA indicates significant results and normality is assumed?

    <p>Tukey's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ensures the prevention of general familiarity with test content?

    <p>Controlling the use of tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate test to use for comparing two groups with normal data and a Levene's test result of (Significant) <.05?

    <p>Welch's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If comparing three groups and Levene's test result is significant <.05 but the data is not normal, which test should be used?

    <p>Kruskal-Wallis Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For three groups with normal data and a non-significant result from Levene's test, what post-hoc analysis should be performed?

    <p>Tukey's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is appropriate for comparing two groups with non-normal data and a non-significant Levene's test?

    <p>Mann-Whitney U Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If comparing three groups with non-normal data and Levene's test is non-significant, what post-hoc analysis is appropriate?

    <p>Dunn's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions for comparing 2 groups with the appropriate test:

    <p>YES and (S) &lt;.05 = Welch's Test NOT and (NS) &gt; .05 = Unpaired Independent t-test YES and (NS) &gt;.05 = Mann-Whitney U Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following normal data conditions and Levene's test results with the appropriate test for comparing 3 groups:

    <p>YES and &lt; .05 = Welch's Test NO and &lt; .05 = Kruskal-Wallis Test YES and &gt; .05 = ANOVA NO and &gt; .05 = Kruskal-Wallis Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following appropriate test for comparing 3 groups with their corresponding normal data and Levene's test results:

    <p>Welch's Test = YES and &lt; .05 Kruskal-Wallis Test = NO and &gt; .05 ANOVA = YES and &gt; .05</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following appropriate test for comparing 2 groups with their corresponding normal data and Levene's test results:

    <p>Mann-Whitney U Test = NOT and (NS) &gt; .05 Unpaired Independent t-test = YES and (NS) &gt; .05 Welch's Test = YES and (S) &lt; .05</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following appropriate tests for comparing 3 groups to their respective post hoc analysis:

    <p>Welch's Test = Games-Howell Kruskal-Wallis Test = Dunn's ANOVA = Tukey's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test should be used if comparing three groups with normal data and Levene's test is non-significant?

    <p>Parametric (ANOVA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used for comparing three groups when data is not normal and Levene's test is significant?

    <p>Kruskal-Wallis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Levene's test is significant, which test should you consider for comparing three groups with normal data?

    <p>Welch's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used if comparing two groups with non-normal data and a significant Levene's test?

    <p>Mann-Whitney U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is appropriate for comparing three groups with non-normal data and a non-significant Levene's test?

    <p>Kruskal-Wallis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If comparing three groups with non-normal data and Levene's test is significant, the appropriate test to use is the Kruskal-Wallis Test.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing two groups with normal data and a non-significant Levene's test result, the appropriate test is Welch's Test.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If comparing three groups with normal data and Levene's test is significant, the appropriate test to use is ANOVA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For comparing two groups with non-normal data and a non-significant Levene's test result, the appropriate test is the Mann-Whitney U Test.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If comparing three groups with normal data and a non-significant Levene's test result, the post-hoc analysis to use is Dunn's.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method uses a more objective-numerical approach to assess normality?

    <p>Shapiro Wilk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Theory-Driven methods, what indicates that data is more normal in a QQ Plot?

    <p>More circle in line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Shapiro Wilk test, what p-value indicates normality?

    <p>Greater than or equal to 0.05</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which descriptive-graphical method is classified as less objective?

    <p>Histogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a sample size of 60 participants, what approach is best to check for normality?

    <p>Shapiro Wilk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical test is appropriate for comparing two scores within the same group if the data is normally distributed?

    <p>Paired T-Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For unpaired samples with two groups where the data is normally distributed, which test should be used?

    <p>Unpaired T-Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the data is not normally distributed and involves one group with two scores for each member, which of the following tests should be used?

    <p>Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing two or more groups with continuous data that is not normally distributed, which test should be employed?

    <p>Mann-Whitney U Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is suited for data from a single group with two scores per member if the data is categorical but not normally distributed?

    <p>Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an appropriate test for comparing two independent groups with normally distributed data?

    <p>Unpaired T-Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mann-Whitney U Test is used for unpaired samples with two groups if the data is not normally distributed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A paired T-Test is used for one group with two scores per member if the data is not normally distributed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For comparing two or more groups with normally distributed continuous data, an Unpaired T-Test should be employed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is used for paired samples if the data is normally distributed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The appropriate test for comparing two scores within the same group, when the data is normally distributed, is the Paired T-Test.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is appropriate for comparing two dependent samples with non-parametric data?

    <p>Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What non-parametric test should be used for comparing three dependent samples?

    <p>Friedman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you are comparing the means of two independent groups with normally distributed data, which test should you use?

    <p>Unpaired T-Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is suitable for assessing differences between more than two independent groups with non-parametric data?

    <p>Kruskal-Wallis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parametric test should be used for comparing three or more dependent samples?

    <p>Repeated measures of ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test would you use to compare two dependent samples with normally distributed data?

    <p>Paired T-Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing the means of more than two independent groups with normally distributed data, which test is appropriate?

    <p>One Way ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used for comparing two unpaired samples when the data is not normally distributed?

    <p>Mann-Whitney U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is ideal for comparing three or more independent groups with normally distributed data?

    <p>One Way ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a non-parametric test involving more than two groups, which test would be suitable?

    <p>Kruskal-Wallis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parametric test is appropriate for comparing three dependent groups?

    <p>Repeated ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test should be used to compare three groups with non-parametric data?

    <p>Kruskal-Wallis test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a single group with three different scores measured, which parametric test is appropriate?

    <p>Repeated ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you have three groups and one score for each group with parametric data, which test should be used?

    <p>One-way ANOVA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test would be appropriate for comparing three dependent samples with non-parametric data?

    <p>Friedman test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Assumptions in Testing and Scoring

    • Psychological traits of states exist and can be quantified and measured
    • Test-related behavior predicts non-test related behavior
    • Test and other measurement techniques have strengths and weaknesses
    • Various sources of error are part of the assessment process
    • Testing and assessment can be conducted in a fair or unbiased manner

    Test Scoring and Interpretation

    • Test scoring involves assigning evaluative codes to divide a set of data into two or more classifications
    • A cut score is a reference point, usually numerical, used to make classifications
    • Psychometric soundness refers to the technical quality of a test or assessment

    Assumptions in Test Development

    • A posteriori approach: no theory-based test development
    • A priori approach: theory-based test development

    Discrimination Index

    • Measures whether an item is biased or not

    Assumptions in Testing and Scoring

    • Psychological traits of states exist and can be quantified and measured
    • Test-related behavior predicts non-test related behavior
    • Test and other measurement techniques have strengths and weaknesses
    • Various sources of error are part of the assessment process
    • Testing and assessment can be conducted in a fair or unbiased manner

    Test Scoring and Interpretation

    • Test scoring involves assigning evaluative codes to divide a set of data into two or more classifications
    • A cut score is a reference point, usually numerical, used to make classifications
    • Psychometric soundness refers to the technical quality of a test or assessment

    Assumptions in Test Development

    • A posteriori approach: no theory-based test development
    • A priori approach: theory-based test development

    Discrimination Index

    • Measures whether an item is biased or not

    Normality

    • When ANOVA assumptions are not met, alternative tests can be used, such as Welch's ANOVA.
    • Post-hoc tests for Welch's ANOVA include Tukey's Test and Games-Howell post hoc to compare groups.

    Levene's Test

    • Used to test for homogeneity of variance among 2 or more groups.
    • Essential step before performing parametric tests like ANOVA.
    • If Levene's Test indicates non-normality, non-parametric alternatives like Kruskal Wallis or Welch's Test can be used.

    Controlling the Use of Psych Tests

    • Ensuring tests are used by qualified professionals to maintain test integrity.
    • Preventing general familiarity with test content, which could invalidate test results.

    Comparing 2 Groups

    • When comparing two groups with normal data, a significant Levene's Test (p < 0.05) indicates using Welch's Test.
    • If Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use the Unpaired Independent t-test if the data is not normal, or the Mann-Whitney U Test if the data is normal.

    Comparing 3 Groups

    • With normal data and a significant Levene's Test (p < 0.05), use Welch's Test and Games-Howell for post-hoc analysis.
    • If the data is not normal and Levene's Test is significant (p < 0.05), use the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Dunn's for post-hoc analysis.
    • When the data is normal and Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use ANOVA and Tukey's for post-hoc analysis.
    • If the data is not normal and Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Dunn's for post-hoc analysis.

    Assumptions in Testing and Scoring

    • Psychological traits of states exist and can be quantified and measured
    • Test-related behavior predicts non-test related behavior
    • Test and other measurement techniques have strengths and weaknesses
    • Various sources of error are part of the assessment process
    • Testing and assessment can be conducted in a fair or unbiased manner

    Test Scoring and Interpretation

    • Test scoring involves assigning evaluative codes to divide a set of data into two or more classifications
    • A cut score is a reference point, usually numerical, used to make classifications
    • Psychometric soundness refers to the technical quality of a test or assessment

    Assumptions in Test Development

    • A posteriori approach: no theory-based test development
    • A priori approach: theory-based test development

    Discrimination Index

    • Measures whether an item is biased or not

    Comparing 2 Groups

    • When comparing two groups with normal data, a significant Levene's Test (p < 0.05) indicates using Welch's Test.
    • If Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use the Unpaired Independent t-test if the data is not normal, or the Mann-Whitney U Test if the data is normal.

    Comparing 3 Groups

    • With normal data and a significant Levene's Test (p < 0.05), use Welch's Test and Games-Howell for post-hoc analysis.
    • If the data is not normal and Levene's Test is significant (p < 0.05), use the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Dunn's for post-hoc analysis.
    • When the data is normal and Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use ANOVA and Tukey's for post-hoc analysis.
    • If the data is not normal and Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Dunn's for post-hoc analysis.

    Normality and Statistical Tests

    • Levene's Test is used for one group of data.
    • Normality is a crucial assumption for certain statistical tests.
    • Parametric tests (e.g., ANOVA) require normality, while non-parametric tests (e.g., Kruskal-Wallis) do not.
    • When normality is not met, alternative tests can be used:
      • Welch's Test can be used as an alternative to ANOVA.
      • Kruskal-Wallis Test can be used as a non-parametric alternative to ANOVA.

    Comparing 2 Groups

    • When comparing two groups with normal data, a significant Levene's Test (p < 0.05) indicates using Welch's Test.
    • If Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use the Unpaired Independent t-test if the data is not normal, or the Mann-Whitney U Test if the data is normal.

    Comparing 3 Groups

    • With normal data and a significant Levene's Test (p < 0.05), use Welch's Test and Games-Howell for post-hoc analysis.
    • If the data is not normal and Levene's Test is significant (p < 0.05), use the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Dunn's for post-hoc analysis.
    • When the data is normal and Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use ANOVA and Tukey's for post-hoc analysis.
    • If the data is not normal and Levene's Test is not significant (p > 0.05), use the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Dunn's for post-hoc analysis.

    Methods of Normality

    • Methods are categorized into two types: less objective and theory-driven

    Less Objective Methods

    • Graphical method: Histogram is used to check for normality
    • Numerical method: Skewness and Kurtosis are used to check for normality

    Theory-Driven Methods

    • Graphical method: QQ Plots are used to check for normality
    • In QQ Plots, the more circular the points are in a line, the more normal the data is
    • Numerical method: Shapiro-Wilk test is used to check for normality
    • In Shapiro-Wilk test, a significance level of 0.05 or less indicates normal data

    Statistical Tests for Comparing Data

    Paired-Samples Tests (Dependent Measures)

    • One group with two scores for each member
    • Data can be continuous or categorical
    • Appropriate tests: Paired T-Test or Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
    • Paired T-Test: used for normally distributed data (interval/ratio)
    • Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: used for non-normally distributed data (ordinal)

    Unpaired-Samples Tests (Independent Measures)

    • Two or more groups with one score for each member of each group
    • Data can be continuous or categorical
    • Appropriate tests: Unpaired T-Test or Mann-Whitney U Test
    • Unpaired T-Test: used for normally distributed data (interval/ratio)
    • Mann-Whitney U Test: used for non-normally distributed data (ordinal)

    Statistical Tests for Comparing Data

    Paired-Samples Tests (Dependent Measures)

    • One group with two scores for each member
    • Data can be continuous or categorical
    • Appropriate tests: Paired T-Test or Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
    • Paired T-Test: used for normally distributed data (interval/ratio)
    • Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: used for non-normally distributed data (ordinal)

    Unpaired-Samples Tests (Independent Measures)

    • Two or more groups with one score for each member of each group
    • Data can be continuous or categorical
    • Appropriate tests: Unpaired T-Test or Mann-Whitney U Test
    • Unpaired T-Test: used for normally distributed data (interval/ratio)
    • Mann-Whitney U Test: used for non-normally distributed data (ordinal)

    Statistical Tests for Comparing Data

    Paired-Samples Tests (Dependent Measures)

    • One group with two scores for each member
    • Data can be continuous or categorical
    • Appropriate tests: Paired T-Test or Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
    • Paired T-Test: used for normally distributed data (interval/ratio)
    • Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: used for non-normally distributed data (ordinal)

    Unpaired-Samples Tests (Independent Measures)

    • Two or more groups with one score for each member of each group
    • Data can be continuous or categorical
    • Appropriate tests: Unpaired T-Test or Mann-Whitney U Test
    • Unpaired T-Test: used for normally distributed data (interval/ratio)
    • Mann-Whitney U Test: used for non-normally distributed data (ordinal)

    Non-Parametric Tests

    • Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is used for 2 dependent samples
    • Friedman test is used for 3 dependent samples
    • Rank Test (W-Test) is used for non-normal ordinal data
    • Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric test for groups
    • Kruskal-Wallis test is a non-parametric test for groups

    Parametric Tests

    • PAIRED T-test is used for 2 dependent samples
    • Repeated measures of ANOVA is used for 3 dependent samples
    • Unpaired T-Test is used for groups
    • One Way / Two way ANOVA is used for groups

    Test Selection

    • Dependent (paired) samples can be analyzed using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Friedman) or parametric tests (PAIRED T-test, Repeated measures of ANOVA)
    • Independent (unpaired) samples can be analyzed using non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis) or parametric tests (Unpaired T-Test, One Way / Two way ANOVA)
    • Non-normal ordinal data can be analyzed using non-parametric Rank Test (W-Test)

    Parametric Tests

    • Repeated measures ANOVA is used for same group comparisons
    • One-way ANOVA and Two-way ANOVA are used for comparing three or more groups with one score

    Non-Parametric Tests

    • Friedman test is used for comparing three or more scores in the same group
    • Kruskal-Wallis test is used for comparing three or more groups with one score

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