Psychometric Properties and Validity
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What is face validity primarily concerned with?

  • The relevance of items as they appear to experts (correct)
  • The accuracy of test scores in predicting future performance
  • How well the test covers the topics or subjects it intends to measure
  • The relationship between scores on the test and other measures

    • Which type of validity evaluates the relationship of scores obtained on the test to scores on other tests?

  • Content Validity
  • Criterion Validity (correct)
  • Face Validity
  • Construct Validity

    • What type of validity concerns whether a test predicts later performance on a related criterion?

  • Concurrent Validity
  • Content Validity
  • Divergent Validity
  • Predictive Validity (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes construct validity?

    <p>The degree to which scores on the test correlate with other tests measuring the same construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diagnostic utility refer to in the context of test utility?

    <p>The ability of a test to classify subjects effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In evaluating criterion validity, which measure relates to an existing similar measure?

    <p>Concurrent Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does treatment utility of a test specifically differ from other utilities?

    <p>It focuses on improved intervention results following the test usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration of test utility in comparing tests?

    <p>The time and resources necessary for test administration and interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reliability is assessed by correlating pairs of scores from the same individuals taken at two different times?

    <p>Test-Retest Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What formula is typically used to assess split-half reliability?

    <p>Spearman-Brown formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of assessing reliability involves using different versions of a test that measure the same construct?

    <p>Parallel-Forms Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of inter-scorer reliability?

    <p>Agreement between different scorers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Coefficient Alpha in reliability assessment?

    <p>To evaluate internal consistency of non-dichotomous items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does reliability refer to in psychometric properties?

    <p>The consistency of measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity assesses the relevance of items in a test based on appearance?

    <p>Face Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes test-retest reliability with regard to the time gap between administrations?

    <p>Shorter gaps yield higher correlations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method used to measure inter-item consistency?

    <p>Cronbach's Alpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the validation process primarily involve?

    <p>Gathering and evaluating evidence about validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity involves evaluating the relationship of test scores to other measures?

    <p>Criterion Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor considered in parallel forms reliability?

    <p>Different forms that measure the same construct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Local validation studies are crucial when a test user plans to:

    <p>Modify language or content of the test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of predictive validity?

    <p>Measuring future performance based on test results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of validity does content validity pertain to?

    <p>The contents covered by the test items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes validity in the context of testing?

    <p>A judgment of how well a test measures what it claims to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does concurrent validity measure?

    <p>The relationship of test scores with a criterion measure obtained at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of predictive validity?

    <p>Linking college admissions test scores to freshman grade point averages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the validity coefficient?

    <p>A correlation coefficient measuring the relationship between test scores and criterion scores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which correlation method is most appropriate for ordinal data?

    <p>Spearman rho rank-order correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Construct validity involves which of the following?

    <p>Drawing inferences from test scores about individual standings on a theoretical construct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constructs might be evaluated using construct validity?

    <p>Personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of evidence is used to support construct validity?

    <p>Procedures that establish a test's correlation with other measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the Pearson correlation coefficient?

    <p>It's the preferred method for measuring relationships with interval or ratio data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of age-equivalent scores?

    <p>To indicate average performance of testtakers at different ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of norm indicates the average test performance for a specific school grade?

    <p>Grade norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do national norms aim to represent?

    <p>A sample that is nationally representative of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of norm provides information on local populations' test performances?

    <p>Local norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fixed reference group scoring rely on for test score calculations?

    <p>A single group's scores from previous tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criterion-referenced testing focuses on which aspect of evaluation?

    <p>Achieving scores that meet or exceed a predetermined standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of national anchor norms?

    <p>They adjust test scores based on a national sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes developmental norms?

    <p>Norms based on traits affected by age, grade, or life stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychometric Properties

    • The psychometric properties are the technical qualities of a test or other assessment tool, and they determine its usefulness
    • The three primary psychometric properties for evaluating a test are reliability, validity, and utility.
    • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurement, validity refers to what a test measures, utility refers to the usefulness or practical value of a test.

    Validity

    • Validity is a judgment or estimate of how well a test measures what it purports to measure in a particular context
    • Validity is a judgment based on evidence about the appropriateness of inferences drawn from test scores
    • No test is “universally valid” for all time, for all uses, with all types of test taker populations
    • Validation is the process of gathering and evaluating evidence about validity
    • Local validation studies are necessary when a test is altered in some way or if it is used with a population that differs from the population on which the test was standardized.

    Types of Validity

    • Face validity: a judgment concerning how relevant the items appear to be
    • Content validity: a measure of validity based on an evaluation of the subjects, topics, or content covered by the items in the test
    • Criterion validity: a measure of validity obtained by evaluating the relationship of scores obtained on the test to scores on other tests or measures. There are two types of criterion validity:
      • Predictive validity: Does the test predict later performance on a related criterion?
      • Concurrent validity: Does the test relate to an existing similar measure?
    • Construct validity: a measure of validity based on whether the test measures the theoretical constructs it was intended to measure. There are two major types of construct validity:
      • Convergent validity: the degree to which a test “converges” on other tests that should be measuring the same thing
      • Divergent validity: the degree to which a test “diverges” on other tests that should be measuring different things

    Test Utility

    • Test utility refers to the practical value of using a test to aid in decision making
    • The use of a test for decision making is considered to be of practical value when it helps with identifying and classifying individuals
    • The comparison of test results with other tests measures the test’s relative usefulness
    • The treatment utility of a test refers to whether its results lead to better intervention outcomes
    • The diagnostic utility of a test refers to how useful it is for classification purposes.

    Reliability

    • The consistency of measurement is also known as reliability
    • There are different types of reliability, including test-retest reliability, parallel forms reliability, internal consistency, and inter-scorer reliability

    Types of Reliability

    • Test-Retest Reliability: an estimate of reliability obtained by correlating pairs of scores from the same people on two different administrations of the same test
    • Parallel-Forms & Alternate forms Reliability: uses one set of questions divided into two equivalent sets (“forms”), where both sets contain questions that measure the same construct. The two sets of questions are given to the same sample of people within a short period of time and an estimate of reliability is calculated from the two sets.
    • Internal Consistency: This refers to the degree to which all the items on a test are measuring the same thing, including:
      • Split-half reliability: obtained by correlating two pairs of scores obtained from equivalent halves of a single test administered once
      • Inter-item consistency: degree of correlation among all the items on a scale
      • Coefficient Alpha: the mean of all possible split-half correlations
      • McDonald’s (1978) omega when the test loadings are unequal
    • Inter-scorer Reliability: The degree of agreement or consistency between two or more scorers with regard to a particular measure.

    Test Norms

    • Norms are used to compare an individual's test score to the performance of a larger group
    • The normative sample is a group of test takers who have taken the test before and whose scores are used to establish the norm
    • The types of norm groups include:
      • Age norms: the average performance of different samples of testtakers at different ages
      • Grade norms: the average performance of testtakers in a given school grade
      • Developmental norms: the average test performance of testtakers at different stages of life
      • National norms: norms derived from a sample representative of the national population
      • National anchor norms: norms that are anchored to other specific test scores
      • Subgroups norms: norms segmented by any of the criteria used in selecting subjects for the sample
      • Local norms: provide normative information with respect to the local population’s performance on some test

    Fixed Reference Group Scoring Systems

    • The distribution of scores obtained on the test from one group of testtakers is used as the basis for the calculation of test scores for future administrations of the test

    Criterion-Referenced vs Norm-Referenced Evaluation

    • Norm-referenced evaluations compare an individual's score to the performance of a larger group as in a standardized test.
    • Criterion-referenced evaluation compares an individual’s score to a pre-determined standard or benchmark
    • Criterion-referenced evaluations are often used in educational and training settings to assess specific skills or knowledge deficits
    • Norm-referenced tests are used to make relative comparisons among test takers, such as in college admission tests or assessments for graduate school.

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    Week 6.1: What Is A Good Test? PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of psychometric properties, focusing on reliability, validity, and utility as key evaluation criteria for tests. Understand the importance of validity and the necessity for local validation studies depending on the population and context. This quiz will deepen your knowledge of effective assessment tools.

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